Biomedical Engineering Reference
In-Depth Information
Fig. 4.4
Verifi cation of the PCR product on gel. Credit to: Ref [
15
]
4 .
The ladder is a mixture of fragments with known size
to compare with the
PCR fragments. Notice that the distance between the different fragments of the
ladder is logarithmic. Lane 1: PCR fragment is approximately 1,850 bases long.
Lane 2 and 4: the fragments are approximately 800 bases long. Lane 3: no prod-
uct is formed, so the PCR failed. Lane 5: multiple bands are formed because one
of the primers fi ts on different places.
Complex organisms (animals, plants) can be modifi ed using recombinant DNA
techniques to produce
genetically modifi ed organisms
.
Bioengineering aspect to DNA cloning and signifi cant cellular events
A .
The Role of Bioinformatics
: Control of gene expression: The expression of a
particular gene can be controlled at different steps:
1 .
Transcription factors
2 .
Alternative splicing
3 .
Affected translocation of the transcript out of the nucleus
4 .
Degradation of mRNA
5 .
Altered rate of translation
6 .
Inactivation of protein due to irregular or blocked signaling mechanism
B .
PCR technique
, In vitro fertilization and Therapeutic cloning are the most
prominent technical/bioengineering approaches to molecular and cellular solu-
tions with application to the biological/medical problems [
14
,
15
].
