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FIGURE 4
(A) Representative
1
H-[
13
C] NMR spectrum of cortical tissue extract of mouse treated with manganese. The
upper spectrum,
1
H(
12
C
13
C), depicts concentration of metabolites and the lower spectrum,
1
H(2 x
13
C), represents the
13
C
labeled metabolites, arising from [U-
13
C
6
]-glucose and [2-
13
C]-acetate. (B) Representative
13
C
e
[
1
H] NMR spectrum of cortical
tissue extract. Inset depicts the isotopomers of Glu
4
, Gln
4
, and GABA
2
. In Glu
4
,D
45
and DD
345
represent [4,5-
13
C
2
]-glutamate
and [3,4,5-
13
C
3
]-glutamate arising from [U-
13
C
6
]-glucose metabolism in the
รพ
first and second turn of the TCA cycle, respec-
tively. S
4
and D
34
indicate [4-
13
C]-glutamate and [3,4-
13
C
2
]-glutamate labeled from [2-
13
C]-acetate via cycling of [4-
13
C]-
glutamine and [3,4-
13
C
2
]-glutamine, respectively. In GABA
2
,D
12
represents [1,2-
13
C
2
]-GABA arising from [U-
13
C
6
]-glucose via
GABAergic TCA cycle and S
2
([2-
13
C]-GABA) from [2-
13
C]-acetate. Abbreviations: Ala
3
, alanine-C3; Asp
3
, aspartate-C3;
GABA
2
,
g
-aminobutyric acid-C2; GABA
3
,
g
-aminobutyric acid-C3; Glci,
i
, glucose-Ci; Gln
3
, glutamine-C3; Gln
4
, glutamine-
C4; Glu
3
, glutamate-C3; Glu
4
, glutamate-C4; Glu
5
, glutamate-C5; Gly
2
, glycine-C2; Lac
3
, lactate-C3; NAA, N-acetyl aspar-
tate; Suc, succinate. (Reprinted from reference #120. Copyright 2012, with permission from Elsevier.)
anisotropy),
quadrupolar
interactions,
and
issue samples placed inside rotors and spun at
the magic angle to the external static magnetic
magnetic
field inhomogeneity (magnetic suscep-
tibility differences) are minimized. The line nar-
rowing resulted in better signal to noise and
thereby reduced experimental time. In 1996,
Cheng et al. showed that MAS could be applied
to tissue samples to sharpen spectral line-
widths.
124
Metastatic and healthy lymph node
field gave spectra with resolution approaching
that of high-resolution liquid-state NMR. Today,
high-resolution MAS (HR-MAS) experiments
can be performed on commercial liquid-state
spectrometers equipped with a probe capable
of MAS and accessories for rotor spin regulation.
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