Biology Reference
In-Depth Information
addition, miRNAs themselves could be used not
only as therapeutic targets but also as thera-
peutic agents themselves for the treatment of
cancers or viral infections. 75,76 In the following
section, we describe exemplary miRNA pro
men when comparedwith the age-matched fertile
control group. Therefore, measurement of
miRNAs in seminal plasma could provide a novel,
noninvasive approach for diagnosing male infer-
tility with miRNA biomarkers.
A study by Ortega and colleagues 80 deter-
mined the miRNA expression pro
ling
experiments that illustrate potential applications
of miRNA biomarkers.
le during
human adipogenesis. Microarray pro
ling fol-
lowed by con
rmational real-time quantitative
RT-PCR analysis revealed that more than 6% of
miRNAs from fat cells of lean and obese persons
showed differential miRNA expression and that
miRNA patterns also changed during adipocyte
differentiation. miRNA differences could also be
correlated to parameters such as body mass
index or fasting glucose. Additionally, differen-
tially expressed miRNAs in subcutaneous fat
from obese subjects with and without type 2 dia-
betes were apparent. Collectively, these studies
hint that miRNAs might be applied as
biomarkers and therapeutic targets for obesity
and obesity-related complications.
miRNAs as Biomarkers for Noncancer
Diseases or Conditions
To explore plasma miRNA pro
les in patients
with type 2 diabetes, Zampetaki and colleagues
used microarray analysis followed by con
rma-
tional real-time quantitative RT-PCR analysis. 77
They discovered that changes in
ve miRNAs
correctly identi
ed most cases of diabetes and
even some patients who later developed type 2
diabetes, while normal levels of these miRNAs
classi
ed 92% of healthy controls. The endothelial
miR-126, which promotes blood vessel growth,
was among the most predictive miRNAs of dia-
betes. A combination of miR-126 together with
the other miRNAs identi
ed might represent
a powerful biomarker for this disease.
Stanczyk and co-workers 78 investigated the
expression pattern of miRNAs in rheumatoid
arthritis (RA) synovial
miRNAs as Biomarkers for Precise
Cancer Classi
cation
first large-scale studies to analyze
miRNA expression and its potential dysregula-
tion in cancer was performed by Lu and
colleagues. 53 They used a bead-based
One of the
broblasts andRAsynovial
tissue by microarray analysis followed by con
r-
mational quantitative RT-PCR-analysis. Their
ow cyto-
finding of increased expression of miR-146a and
miR-155 in RA synovial tissue when compared
to osteoarthritis synovial tissue may be an impor-
tant biomarker for tissue destruction in RA and
may at the same time also offer a potential thera-
peutic target for miRNA-based approaches for
the treatment of joint destruction in RA.
To identify miRNAs that are altered in infer-
tility and to evaluate their potential diagnostic
value, Wang et al.
metric miRNA expression pro
ling method to
systematically monitor miRNA expression in
several hundred samples, including 20 different
leukemias and solid cancers. The miRNA
pro
les were surprisingly informative, as each
cancer had a speci
ecting
the developmental lineage and differentiation
state of the tumors. Even more surprising was
the
c miRNA pro
le, re
finding that most poorly differentiated
tumors could be assigned to their tissues of
origin based on their miRNA expression levels.
This issue is even more notable because mRNA
pro
le of
seminal plasma miRNAs in infertile men by
next-generation sequencing analysis followed by
con
investigated the pro
rmational real time quantitative RT-PCR
analysis. 79 In total, 19 markedly altered miRNAs
couldbe identi
les were highly inaccurate when applied
to the same samples. In conclusion, a rather
small number of miRNAs might contain a large
ed in the patient groups of infertile
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