Autoantibodies and Biomarker Discovery - Proteomic and Metabolomic Approaches to Biomarker Discovery - page 360

the peptoids themselves can be developed as clin-
ically useful probes for identifying selective auto-
antibody biomarkers that correlate with disease.

be very disease- and tissue- speci c. Many anti-

bodies against post-translationally modi

ed

proteins have been identi ed in different dis-

eases 36,59 e 76 ( Table 3 ). The majority of these anti-
bodies have been detected using cellular
fractionation technologies that rely on lysates
from disease cell lines or tissues that contain
natively modi

Detection of Post-Translational
Modi cations

Most proteins undergo PTMs that are critical
for their biological functions. Aberrant modi

ed proteins
or peptides from small sets of target proteins of
interest can then be displayed using microarrays.
However, current technology cannot systemati-
cally mimic PTM structure at the proteome level.

ed proteins. Modi

ca-
tions occur in disease states that may elicit
humoral immune responses. Due to the high
tissue speci

city of PTMs, these antibodies may

TABLE 3 Examples of Autoantibodies Against Post-Translationally Modi ed Proteins

Post-translational
modifications Example protein(s) Example disease(s) References

Carbamylation Filaggrin Rheumatoid arthritis 68

Citrullination Filaggrin/ brin/vimentin/ Rheumatoid arthritis 74

collagen/ a -enolase

Acetylation DEK Juvenile idiopathic arthritis 67

Phosphorylation SR proteins Systemic lupus erythematosus 70

La/SSB Systemic lupus erythematosus 73

Protease cleavage U1-70K Systemic lupus erythematosus 65

Calreticulin Cancer 63

Pso27 Psoriasis 62

Aspartyl isoaspartyl

isomerization

/ snRNP Systemic lupus erythematosus 66

Methylation SmD1, SmD3 Systemic lupus erythematosus 59

Sul limine bond Collage IV Goodpasteur ' s disease 71

Deamidation Transglutaminase Celiac disease 60

Oxidation LDL Atherosclerosis 64

b 2 glycoprotein 1 Antiphospholipid syndrome 61

Glycosylation MUC1 Cancer 75

Annexin I Cancer 36

Mutation p53 Cancer 72

Alternative splicing isoforms CML66 Cancer 76

Lengsin Cancer 69