Genetics and Behavior During Handling, Restraint, and Herding - Genetics and the Behavior of Domestic Animals - page 120

the handler is further away ( Grandin, 2007 ; Grandin and Deesing, 2008 ).
When the handler moves rapidly the flight zone will get larger ( Fukasawa,
2008 ). Figure 4.1 illustrates the correct handler positions for moving an ani-
mal forward. Controlling the movements of a large herd while on foot, on
horseback, or in a vehicle is done by alternately entering and withdrawing
from the edge of the herd's collective flight zone. An entire group of animals
can be induced to move forward by the handler moving inside the collective
flight zone in the opposite direction of desired movement. These positions
work on all herd animals.
Dogs trained for herding use the principles of the flight zone and the
same positions described above to control livestock movement. Coppinger
and Coppinger (1993) suggest that dogs that herd livestock in this manner
are displaying a natural hunting strategy used by wolves. Fortunately for the
livestock, though, domestic dogs have been bred that do not attack or kill.

MEASURING TEMPERAMENT IN LIVESTOCK
Since the first edition of this topic was written in 1998, several hundred
papers have been published on temperament measurements in cattle, horses,
pigs, sheep, and other domestic animals. Extensive reviews have been written
by Burdick et al. (2011) , Dodd and Pitchford (2012) , Forkman et al. (2007) ,
Sebastian et al. (2011) , Turner et al. (2011) , and Benhajali et al. (2010).
There is extensive evidence that behavioral variation in temperament may
reflect underlying hormonal and neuro-endocrine variation among individuals
( Boissy, 1995 ). A variety of measures are used and there is a need to cor-
rectly associate each method with the correct core emotional system.
Learning to assess the emotional system being tested may reduce many con-
flicting findings between studies.

Tests Designed to Measure Fearfulness
Restraint Tests
It is likely that restraint tests mainly measure fearfulness. Behavior is observed
when the animal is held in either a single animal scale ( Benhajali et al., 2010;
Holl et al., 2010 ), a head gate (head stanchion) ( Hoppe et al., 2010 ), or tightly
held in a squeeze chute ( Voisinet et al., 1997 and Baszczak et al., 2006 ). One
of the first chute scoring methods used a seven-point scale ranging from calm
to highly agitated ( Fordyce et al., 1988 ). Grandin (1994) used a five-point
scale. A four-point scale is recommended because it eliminates a middle score.
The scores are: (1) calm; no movement; (2) intermittent movement; (3) contin-
uous movement; and (4) violently struggling and attempting to escape
( Grandin and Deesing, 2008 ). Hall et al. (2011) successfully used a five-point
scale for assessing the temperament of pigs held loosely in a single animal
scale. Restlessness and struggling is scored. Individual differences in