Essential Chemistry and Biochemistry Associated with Low Temperature and Freezing - Freeze-drying of Pharmaceuticals and Biopharmaceuticals - page 61

Figure 8 The sucrose-water solid/liquid phase diagram. S, sucrose; L, liquid solution; e,
eutectic; p, peritectic; and o 4, crystalline phases. Reproduced from 172
Figure 9 Scanning electron micrograph of a freeze-dried solution, containing sucrose and
NaCl at a mass ratio of 6:1, after warming for a short period to a temperature
slightly above T g , resulting in the crystallisation of NaCl from the glassy sucrose
solvent matrix. Preferred crystallisation sites are seen to exist at the matrix
cracks. Bar line corresponds to 10 mm. Franks & van den Berg 63
sucrose has, however, been observed by electron microscopy, and a
representative picture is shown in Figure 9, where the growth of well-
defined cubic NaCl crystals of up to ca.100 nm dimensions from its solid
solution in amorphous sucrose solvent is clearly illustrated. 63,64