Notes - Agri-culture: Reconnecting People, Land and Nature - page 218

in to take back the key decisions. In the Uttarakhand region of Uttar Pradesh,
there are 6000 community forests managed properly by communities, and half
of households depend heavily upon these commons. The worst kind of develop-
ment occurs when a good system is replaced by another (which turns out to be
worse) in the name of sustainability. See Madhu Sarin (2001) Disempowerment
in the Name of Participatory Forestry? Village Forests Management in Uttarakhand .
33 For integrated pest management farmer field-schools, see Kiss and
Meerman, 1991; Matteson et al, 1992; Eveleens et al, 1996; van de Fliert, 1997;
Kenmore, 1999; Desilles, 1999; Jones, 1999. See also Kenmore et al, 1984;
Mangan and Mangan, 1998.
34 For farmers' groups, see Pretty, 1995a, 1995b; Harp et al, 1996;
Oerlemans et al, 1997; van Weperen et al, 1997; van Veldhuizen et al, 1997; Just,
1998; Braun, 2000; Pretty and Hine, 2000. See Sue Heisswolf 's thesis (2000)
for the Rural Extension Centre, Gatton College, University of Queensland, for
more on the value of social organization for agricultural change.
35 For more on the study of Iowan farmers, see Peter et al, 2000, p216.
Monolegic implies a one-way connection, a transfer, instruction and the passing
of information, whereas dialegic suggests two-way connection, an equal recog-
nition of both partners, and connections between people-people and people-
nature: see Bakhtin, 1981.
36 For more on CIALs, see Braun, 2000.
37 In her research in the southern state of Santa Caterina, Julia Guivant of
the University of Florianópolis found substantial changes in women's welfare
when families become involved in group production schemes. She says:
Participation in production groups, whether involving agroindustry or not, allows the burden
of agricultural production to be distributed between various families. This has led to important
changes in the daily routine of the women, making it possible to share child-care in a way which
would have been impossible with their husbands. Incorporating value added activities within these
groups opens up new opportunities for women in the direction of greater empowerment: courses,
direct contact with consumers, pride in their production, plans for future expansion.
38 For more on the maturity of social capital in groups, see Bunch and López
(1996) for Honduras and Guatemala; Bagadion and Korten (1991) for the
Philippines; Uphoff (1998) for Sri Lanka; Krishna and Uphoff (1999) for
Rajasthan, India; and Curtis et al (1999) for Australia.
39 See Pretty and Frank, 2000. The model identifies four distinct stages that
relate the levels of total renewable assets to performance or outputs. These have
been synthesized from a range of descriptive models that were developed for
analysing changes in social capital manifested in groups and their life cycles
(Mooney and Reiley, 1931; Handy, 1985; Pretty and Ward, 2001); for analysing
types of participation between organizations and individuals (Pretty, 1995b;
World Neighbors, 1999); for analysing changes in human capital manifested
in phases of learning, knowing and world views through which individuals
progress over time (Argyris and Schön, 1978; Habermas, 1987; Colins and
Chippendale, 1991; Lawrence, 1999); for analysing changes in natural capital