Notes - Agri-culture: Reconnecting People, Land and Nature - page 196

41 Table 2.1 Number and area of protected areas according to protection
regimes (end of 1990s)

Africa Asia and Latin Rest Total

Pacific America and of

Caribbean World

Number of protected areas
Total

1254 3706 2362 23,028 30,350

Number in categories 346 944 936 8,478 10,704

1-3 (nature reserves,
wildernesses, national
parks and monuments)
Number in categories

908 2762 1426 14,550 19,646

4-6 (habitat and
species areas,
protected landscapes,
managed resources)
Proportion in 28% 25% 40% 37% 35%

categories 1-3 (%)

Area of protected areas (million square kilometres)
Total area 2.06 1.85 2.16 7.16 13.23

Area in categories 1.21 0.72 1.37 3.82 7.12

1-3 (strict protection)
Area in categories 0.85 1.13 0.79 3.34 6.11

4-6 (managed resources)
Proportion in categories
1-3 (%)

59% 39% 63% 53% 54%

Source: adapted from UNEP-WCMC, 2001

42 In Peluso, 1996.
43 See Manning, 1989; Kothari et al, 1989; West and Brechin, 1992;
Oelschlaeger, 1991; Pimbert and Pretty, 1995.
44 See Gómez-Pompa and Kaus, 1992. Also Bruner et al, 2001.
45 For a summary of recent debates on functionalist (those seeing humans
as part of and embedded in nature) and compositional (those who only see
humans as destroyers of pristine nature) positions, see recent articles in Con-
servation Biology by Callicott et al (1999), critical responses by Hunter (2000) and
Willers (2000), and responses to these by Callicott et al (2000). For a view from
the 'nay-sayers', those who disagree with community participation or any use of
resources in protected areas, see Spinage, 1998.
46 For satochi and satoyama , see Environment Agency of Japan, 1999. Satoyama
are hilly regions blessed with coppiced forests, natural spring water, and a stable
farming environment with little damage from floods or dry spells. For the best
review of Japanese art of the Edo period, see Royal Academy of Arts, 1981.