Agriculture Reference
In-Depth Information
7 See Lord Ernle (Prothero, R) (1912) English Farming. Past and Present for a
review of writers of the time, such as Taylor, S (1652) Common Good ; Moore, A
(1653) Bread for the Poor. . . Promised by Enclosure of the Wastes and Common Grounds ; Lee
J (1656) A Vindication of a Regulated Enclosure ; Hartlib, S (1651) Legacie ; Tusser, T
(1580) Five Hundred Points of Good Husbandry ; Fitzherbert, A (1523) The Boke of
Husbandrie ; Norden J (1607) The Surveyors Dialogue ; Houghton J (1681) A Collection
of Letters for the Improvement of Husbandry and Trade . For a comprehensive summary
of 447 agricultural writers, see Donaldson, 1854.
8 See Ernle, 1912, p120.
9 See Cobbett, 1830.
10 See Pretty, 1991.
11 See Humphries, 1990.
12 From John Clare's journal entry for Wednesday, 29 September 1824, p37
in Tibble, A (ed) The Journal; Essays; The Journey from Essex , Carcanet New Press,
Manchester. For a masterpiece on country life and social history of the time,
see Clare's poem 'The Shepherd's Calendar' (ed Robinson et al). For more on
his natural history writing, see Grainger (ed) 1993 ; Blythe, 1999. Clare's own
village of Helpston in Northamptonshire was enclosed 1816, and throughout
his writings in journals and poems he referred to the disappearance of secret
pathways, narrow lanes, old stone pits and diverse hedgerows. These are the long-
vanished features of rural life that form the almanac of 'The Shepherd's
Calendar', from the opening in January 'withering and keen the winter comes, While comfort
flies in close shut rooms' to December's close with 'And boiling, elder berry wine, To drink
the Christmas eve's good bye' . The losses, though, continued after enclosure. In 1825,
he says in his journal: 'I thought that fresh intrusions would interrupt and spoil my solitudes
after the Inclosure they despoil a boggy place that is famous for orchids at Royce Wood end'
(Grainger, 1983, p169).
13 Quoted in Ernle, 1912, pp115-116.
14 For the Black Act, see E P Thompson (1975) Whigs and Hunters.
15 Thompson, 1975, pp91, 156.
16 For conflicts in Germany, France, Mexico and Russia, see Engels, 1956;
Lewis, 1964; Bloch, 1978; Shanin, 1986. For more on the value of cooperation
in rural communities throughout Europe, see also Blum, 1971.
17 Gadgil and Guha (1992) This Fissured Land, p2.
18 Jodha, 1988, 1990.
19 For the review of the value of the commons in India and Africa, see Beck
and Naismith, 2001. See also Pasha, 1992; Beck, 1994; Agarwal, 1995; Iyengar
and Shukla, 1999; Beck and Ghosh, 2000.
20 Quoted in Gadgil and Guha, 1992, pp88-89, 121.
21 For a good survey of the specific roles of women in the collective
management of natural resources, see Agarwal, 1997. On the folly of privatizing
and standardizing nature, and of letting only a few control power, see Steinberg,
1995.
22 For details of the Balinese subaks and effects of modern rice in Indonesia,
see Collier et al, 1973; Poffenberger and Zurbuchen, 1980; Pretty, 1995a.
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