Notes - Agri-culture: Reconnecting People, Land and Nature - page 192

26 Worster, 1993, p5.
27 For a good review of Thoreau, see Oelschlaeger, 1991, pp133-171.
28 Quotes are from Thoreau's A Winter Walk , p167; and Thoreau's Maine Woods ,
pp93-95. Also, see The Writings of H D Thoreau, volumes 1-6, Princeton University
Press, 1981-2000.
29 See Cooper, 2000b.
30 See Nash, 1973, p3. For a discussion of the static and dynamic nature
of locality and our desire, or otherwise, to conserve it, see Scruton, 1998, in Town
and Country . Common Ground, a UK charity, makes this point in the recent topic
on community orchards: 'defining beauty as mountains, and richness as rarity, has not only
devalued the remainder, but it has diminished people's confidence to speak out for ordinary things. . .
everyday places are as vulnerable as the special'. In the commonplace and the everyday,
we form deeper cultural relations with nature and the land. See Common
Ground's The Common Ground Book of Orchards , 2000.
31 In Okri, 1996, Birds of Heaven, p26.
32 Rackham, 1986.
33 See Suzuki, 1999. For more on the stories of Japan, see Suzuki and Oiwa
(1986) The Japan We Never Knew.
34 See Berry, 1998.
35 Mabey (1996) Flora Britannica. For quotes, see pp7, 162-163, 232.
36 Folklore author Ralph Whitlock (1979) suggests that 'all superstitions and
customs are logical if looked at in the right way'.
37 The contrast with India is striking. Darshan Shankar (1998) estimates
that there are 1 million local people in India, such as traditional birth attend-
ants, bone-setters, herbal healers and wandering monks, who still have extensive
knowledge of the uses of plants and animals, including another 400,000 licensed
practitioners of systems of medicine such as Ayurveda and Siddha. The number
of plants used for medicinal, food, fodder and fuel uses can be extraordinary,
with some 7500 species across India with described values. Individual groups
may have knowledge of several hundred species, such as the Mahadev Koli tribals
who use more than 600 species, and the Karjat tribals of the Western Ghats who
use 509 species.
38 Of the 5000-7000 oral languages persisting worldwide, 32 per cent are
in Asia, 30 per cent in Africa, 19 per cent in the Pacific, 15 per cent in the
Americas, and 3 per cent in Europe. See Grimes, 1996.
39 Maffi, 1999, p31.
40 For more on the Tohono O'odham, see the work of Ofelia Zepeda
at the University of Arizona on reinvigorating the language and its links to the
land (www.u.arizona.edu/~mizuki/wain/wain0.html). The Tohono O'odham
abandoned the more common term for their culture, Papago, in the 1980s, as
it means 'bean eaters'.
41 Molina, 1998, p31.
42 Evers and Molina, 1987.
43 For a discussion of the use of language and rhetoric to describe the
transformation of the western interior of the US, see Lewis (1988) in Cosgrove
and Daniels (eds). For an analysis of the linkage between language and an