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search paper, but was a parody intended to entertain, and not a scientific work intended
to establish and transmit cognitive results. Some members of the research community
took the paper seriously until the ruse was revealed. In this way, perception is always
fallible and noema must shift with reconsidered perceptions (Routledge, 2000, p. 369).
The results of information systems research are reported in the research literature. For
this reason, and because the Index of Information Systems Journals can be considered a
surrogate of information systems research literature when considering relevant search
terms, examining and understanding what the research literature consists of is funda-
mental to understanding the domain of information systems research, and for discovering
other dimensions of the literature which might be useful as search attributes. The
philosophical approach reviewed thus far resulted in a seminal investigation of literary
works.
The results of information systems research are reported in the research literature. For
this reason, and because the Index of Information Systems Journals can be considered a
surrogate of information systems research literature when considering relevant search
terms, examining and understanding what the research literature consists of is funda-
mental to understanding the domain of information systems research, and for discovering
other dimensions of the literature which might be useful as search attributes. The
philosophical approach reviewed thus far resulted in a seminal investigation of literary
works.
Approaches to the literary work of art
Roman Ingarden developed and applied Husslerian phenomenology to the examination
of literary works, including scientific works as a borderline case. His two topics The
literary work of art (1965) and The cognition of the literary work of art (1968) provide a
powerful framework of conceptual and methodological tools with which he characterised
literary works. His work was comprehensive and addressed the entire range of literary
works, from classic literature to, in his words, '… the serialised crime novel or a
schoolboy's banal love poem' (Ingarden, 1965, p. 8). Fortunately for this study, he also
explicitly included 'scientific works [which are] clearly distinguishable from the works
of so-called belles-lettres … and yet frequently spoken of as having greater or lesser
literary value or as being devoid of it' (Ingarden, 1965, p. 9).
Ingarden proposed that literary works have a number of strata and that it is the charac-
teristics of and diversity between strata that generate a polyphonic character to the
work. These strata were described by him as:
1. the stratum of word sounds and the phonetic formations of higher order built upon
them;
2. the stratum of meaning units of various orders;
3. the stratum of represented objectivities and their vicissitudes; and
4. the stratum of manifold schematised aspects and aspect continua and series.
In addition, he identified a fifth characteristic as being significant - the order of sequence
of the literary work. Key in the examination of the various strata is identifying the
connections between them. A detailed description of these strata and their various con-
nections and contributions to the literary work of art is beyond the scope of this paper.
It is important to note, however, that Ingarden saw these aspects as being applicable to
scientific works. He proposed that scientific work differed in some elements of individual
strata and the roles of the strata. The differences result from the role of scientific works
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