Biology Reference
In-Depth Information
TABLE 14.4
Rates of Correct Assignment of Specimens to Gender Based on Sciatic Notch and Ischiopubic
Complex Size and Shape Using Discriminant Analysis and k-Means Clustering
Discriminant Analysis
k
-Means Clustering
Correct
Assignments
Incorrect
Assignments
Percent
Correct
Correct
Assignments
Incorrect
Assignments
Percent
Correct
Sciatic Notch
F
46
6
88.4
45
7
86.5
M
63
6
91.3
64
5
92.8
Total
109
12
90.1
109
12
90.9
Ischiopubic Complex
F
39
13
75
49
3
94.2
M
53
16
76.8
67
2
97.1
Total
92
29
76
116
5
95.9
Sciatic Notch & Ischiopubic Complex
F
47
5
90.4
45
7
86.5
M
63
6
91.3
61
8
88.4
Total
110
11
90.1
106
15
87.6
Data taken from
Gonzalez et al. (2009)
, Table 3.
somewhat population dependent, it is difficult to say with certainty that the geometric mor-
phometric approaches are superior; they are certainly on par with the best results reported
using the other methods, being perhaps less subjective (
Bruzek, 2002
) and more reliable,
given the difficulties with traditional measures noted by
Steyn and Iscan (2008)
.
LIKELIHOOD RATIOS AND FETAL ALCOHOL SYNDROME
Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders (FASD) are a complex set of developmental,
behavioral and anatomical disorders resulting from fetal exposure to alcohol. They encom-
pass Fetal Alcohol Syndrome (FAS), Fetal Alcohol Effect (FAE), and Alcohol Related
Neurodevelopmental Disorder (ARND). As with many multiple organ abnormality syn-
dromes, diagnosis is often based on subjective assessment of several features, with termi-
nologies that reflect the number of affected systems and the relative severity of
dysfunction. Medicolegal concern with FASD centers on the tendency of affected indivi-
duals to exhibit a variety of cognitive deficits, including poor memory, attention deficits
and impulsive behavior. Individuals with FAS have diminished executive functioning, a
deficit in the skills and capabilities needed to self-regulate in an appropriate, context-
dependent manner. These capabilities include planning,
learning, processing sensory
input, decision making, and response inhibition.
