Biology Reference
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(including covariates) in the model, and for the denominator term, as well as to designate
the exchangeable units. Not surprisingly, the highly automated programs are often either
limited in the types of experimental designs that they can handle, or in the flexibility that
they offer. For example, adonis (as currently implemented) cannot analyze a mixed model.
More flexible programs, such as DISTLM, can analyze any model (using sequential sums
of squares) but require far more work from the user. More details on the implementation
of GLM using multivariate test criteria (applied either to the coordinates or principal com-
ponents), as well as on the Procrustes Anova and the use of permutation-based tests of
distance matrices are discussed in the workbook.
References
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