Biomedical Engineering Reference
In-Depth Information
Table 4.1 Microorganisms sensitive to the antimicrobial properties intrinsic to solid metallic
copper
Microbe
Reference(s)
EPA registered
Acinetobacter baumanii
[
47
]
Aspergillus flavus
[
96
]
Aspergillus fumigatus
[
96
]
Aspergillus
spp
.
[
96
]
Campylobacter jejuni
[
28
]
Candida albicans
[
47
,
96
]
Clostridium difficile
[
97
]
Clostridium difficile spores
[
97
]
Carbapenem-resistant
Enterobacteriaceae (CRE)
[
84
]
Enterobacter aerogenes
[
87
]
*
E. coli O157:H7
[
87
,
104
]
*
Escherichia coli-NDM1
[
93
]
Fusarium culmonium
[
96
]
Fusarium oxysporium
[
96
]
Fusarium solani
[
10
]
Fusarium
spp
.
[
96
]
Influenza A (including H1N1)
[
53
]
Klebsiella pneumoniae
[
47
]
Klebsiella pneumoniae-NDM-1
[
93
]
Legionella pneumonphila
[
65
,
66
]
Listeria monocytogenes
[
105
]
Methicillin resistant
Staphylococcus aureus
(
MRSA
)
[
87
]
*
Methylobacterium
spp
.
[
76
]
Mycobacterium tuberculosis
[
47
]
Norovirus
[
94
]
Penicillium chrysogenum
[
96
]
Penicillium
spp
.
[
96
]
Pseudomonas aurginosa
[
87
,
96
]
*
Rhinovirus
[
11
]
Rotavirus
[
11
]
Salmonella enterica
[
28
]
Salmonella typhi
[
79
,
80
]
Spingomonoas
spp
.
[
76
]
Staphylococcus auerus
[
87
]
*
Serratia marcescens
[
11
]
Vancomycin resistant Enterococci (VRE)
[
87
]
*
Vibrio cholerae
[
79
,
80
]
*Designates EPA registered
of copper surfaces against specific human pathogens [
54
,
63
,
92
,
98
,
102
,
104
,
105
]. In fact solid copper surfaces have been found to be microbicidal to well over
30 bacteria, fungi and viruses. Of the microbes listed in Table
4.1
, five were evaluated
in the studies used to grant the public health registration by the United States EPA.
The public health claims granted illustrate the robust nature of the antimicrobial
activity. Alloys granted registration contain greater than 60 % metallic copper and
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