Civil Engineering Reference
In-Depth Information
of entirely subterranean rock cut versions of the form in these later ages (although
they may have existed). Underground storage facilities in plenty existed during
later ages, indeed into modern times, but the standard form appeared as small
bell shaped or bottle shaped pits, accessible from above with their mouth closed
at surface level by a slab (v, in general, G.R.H. Wright, ABSP I, pp. 298-304, II
i gs 238-240; ABC I, pp. 317-21; ZAW, 82, 1970, pp. 275-78).
h e preferred functional arrangement for free standing silos of this form is to
i ll them from apertures in the walling near the peak, and to empty them from
at or near l oor level. h is required some means of external access (i.e. ladders or
inset rungs etc.) to i ll the silo, whereas emptying was straight forward. With an
underground silo of the form and dimensions of the Hypogæum the descending
stairway was a functional device for both i lling and emptying. h e chamber could
be i lled from the uppermost communicating part, and emptied from the succes-
sive parts progressing downwards.
h e Hypo-
gaeum at
Knossos,
a granary
General References
G.R.H. Wright, “Origins and Development of Rock Cutting,”
Libyan
Studies 29
, 1998, pp. 23-33.
G. Daniel,
h e Megalith Builders of Western Europe
, London, 1959 (NB Chronology now invali-
dated).
J.D. Evans,
h e Prehistoric Antiquities of the Maltese Islands
, London, 1979.
G.R.H. Wright,
Ancient Building in South Syria and Palestine I & II
, Rock Cut, Chamber Tombs,
pp. 324-329, Leiden, 1985.
G.R.H. Wright,
Ancient Building in Cyprus I & II
, Rock Cut, Chamber Tombs, pp. 336-342,
Leiden, 1992.
D. Arnold,
h e Encyclopedia of Egyptian Architecture
, s.vv Rock Temple, Rock Tomb, Rock Tomb
Construction, pp. 200-203, London, 2003.
E. Vandier,
Manuel d'Archéologie Egyptienne II
Architecture
, Paris, 1954.
W.H. Seton Kerr, “How the Tomb Galleries of h ebes were Cut,”
ASAE 6
, 1905, pp. 178-87.
E. Mackay, “h e Cutting and Preparation of Tomb Chapels in the h eban Necropolis,”
JEA VII
,
1924, pp. 154-168.
J. Jacquet, “Observation sur l'Evolution Architecturale des Temples Rupestres,”
Cahiers d'Histoire
Egyptienne 10
, 1966, pp. 69-91.
J.-P. Oleson, “Technical Aspects of Etruscan Rock Cut Tomb Architecture,”
RM 85
, 1978,
pp. 278-314.
J. h orne,
h e Necropolis of Cyrene
, Rome, 2005.
P. Roos,
h e Rock Cut tombs of Caunus I
.
h e Architecture
, Göteborg, 1972.
J.-C. Bessac,
Le Travail de la Pierre à Petra
, Paris, 2005.
G.R.H. Wright, Indian Summer at Petra,
East and West 47
, 1997, pp. 343-49.
D. White, Apollonia East Fort and. . . . Cut-down Bed Rock . . .,
Libyan Studies 29
, 1998, pp. 3-22.
P. Brown,
Indian Architecture
, Bombay, 1965.
G. de Jerphanion,
Les Eglises Rupestres de Cappadoce
, I & II, Paris, 1925-42.
