Environmental Engineering Reference
In-Depth Information
Elements over
100ppm in ash
Si
Al
Fe
Mg
Ca
Na
K
Ti
P
Mn
As
B
Ba
Ce
Cr
Nd
Sr
Ta
U
Zr
Elements over
10
µ
g/g in coal
Na
K
Fe
Sr
Ba
F
Maceral Analysis
(% mineral matter base)
Ultimate Analysis
(maf)
Vitrinite
telinite
corpocoll in tel.
desmocollinite
corpo.in desmo.
vitrodetrinite
poricollinite
Inertinite
fusinite
semifusinite
inertdetrinite
69
30
10
24
3
1
1
12
6
4
2
Liptinite
spotinite
resinite
bituminite
exsudatinite
liptoderinite
primary resinite
secondary resinite
(included bituminite and
exsudatinite)
17
C
H
N
S
Cl
O
Calofic Value
33,988 kJ/kg
80.69
5.76
1.57
0.37
0.03
11.58
%
%
%
%
%
%
2
3
5
3
4
19
7
5.2
0.88
6.2
1.6
0.38
0.41
0.068
0.013
220
1000
770
150
105
121
1933
320
150
250
%
%
%
%
%
%
%
%
%
%
1460
200
3170
69
40
0.007%
=3%
=8%
Proximate Analysis
ash
volatile matter
fixed carbon
% Organic O
%O as CO
2
H
%O as OH
%O as C=O
%O as ether
4.71%
45.84%
49.45%
=9.76
=0.23
=5.22
=0.63
=3.67
13
Carbon Structure ( CNMR)
aromatic =63%
aliphatic = 38%
bonded to O = 5%
carbonyl = 2%
C in aromatic
ring = 61%
CH,CH
2
= 27%
CH
3
or nonprot.=11%
Q
call
= 2.74
protonated=21%
Inorganic
matter
non-protonated = 39%
OK
Organic
matter
phenolic=7%
alkylated=14%
bridgehead = 19%
ave no. aromatic C per cluster
no. atachements per cluster
no. bridges and loops per cluster
side chains
MW or a cluster
bridge mass per attachement
15
5.1
2.5
2.6
366
36
Major Minerals(CCSEM)
(excluded percentage)
quartz
iron oxide
alminosilicate
Ca-aluminosil.
Fe-aluminosil.
K-aluminosil.
pyrite
ankernite
gypsum
barite
Ca^silicate
alumina
cakite
dolomite
Ca-rich
Si-rich
periclase
alumino./gypsum
unknown
total major minerals
0.91
0.25
1.37
0.02
0.08
1.01
0.88
0.05
0.19
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.47
0.01
0.07
0.36
0.01
0.01
0.37
6.11
%
%
%
%
%
%
%
%
%
%
%
%
%
%
%
%
%
%
%
%
(65)
(57)
(68)
(80)
(33)
(73)
(70)
(44)
(63)
(33)
Physical Structure
N
2
SA
N
2
PV
He desity
Bulk density
Particle density
Porosity (15-20nm)
(>20nm)
2
3
4.9 m /g
0.007 cm /g
1.42g/cm
1.04 g/cm
1.16 g/cm
0.0076
0.17
3
3
3
Function Group Analysis(FTIR)
H
al
= 4.79% H
ok
= 0.16%, H
ar
=1.90%, H
tot
= 6.85%
1 adj = 0.51% 2 adj = 0.80% 3 or more = 0.58%
H
al
/H
ar
= 13.1, H
al
in ar-CH
3
= 12.9%
C
al
= 31.93%, Carbonyl = 8.70, O
OK
= 2.5%, O
eth
= 4.0%
Phenolic OH/Alkyl OH = 3.7
(68)
(100)
(40)
(67)
Molecular and Macromolecular Structure
(extraction and deplimerization)
extraction:
THF yield = 18.9
pyridine yield ~ 24.4% - aliphatic = 1.10%, N-PAH = 3.60%
aliphatic hydrocarbones: dominated by pristane, phytane & a
series of n-alkans, C
17
-C
29
, some interpenoid derivatives,
also alkylated naphthalenes, biphenyls abd phenanthrenes
benzene-methanol with CHCl
3
= 9.8%
hydrocarbon fraction=3.2% - alkane 9% (pristane), terpenoid
biomarkers 58%, aromatic hydrocarbons 33%
HT-BCD 55.6% - aliphatic 6.4%, N-PAH 12.4%, polar-I 2.6%,
polar-II 34.2%
aliphatic content consisted of a series of n-alkanes, C
16
-C
39
Devolatilization Component Products
Pyrolizate product Py-FIMS M
a
= 366
Low temp. devol. component (300 - 340 C):
medium molecular wt fossil biomarker
components dominate. M
a
= 340
-- alkyl series of triterpenoid (m/z324)
and n-fatty acids (m/z 424)
-- dominated by triterpenoid series
High temp. devol. component (420 - 480 C):
M
a
= 369, T
max
= 460 C
-- characterized by large amounts of alkyl dihydrobenzenes and phenols
-- products range up to m/z 800 dominated by series A,C,D,E with
cyclopentaphenanthrenes, biphenyls and some alkanes
depolym:
FIGURE 2.90
Chemical and physical properties of solid fuels (Example: Blind Canyon coal).
dV
dt
E
RT
(
)
=
KV
*,
−
V
K
=
A
exp
−
(2.25)
0
where
V
is the volume of volatile matter emitted previously;
V
* is the volume of
volatile matter emitted during time,
t
→ ∞; and
E
and
A
0
are the activation energy
and the frequency factor of the process, respectively.
tests on various kinds of coals and combustion conditions and reciprocal of absolute
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