Problem-Solving Strategies - Guide to Teaching Computer Science: An Activity-Based Approach - page 87

5.6 Reflection

Reflective thinking refers to rethinking and analysis methods of previous mental
processes or actual behaviors. Reflection is an important tool in learning processes
in general and in high-order cognitive processes, such as problem-solving process-
es, in particular. This assertion is based on the recognition that reflection provides
learners with an opportunity to step back and think about their own thinking and by
doing so to improve their problem-solving skills. Reflective thinking is a learned
process that requires time and ongoing practice (see also Chaps. 2 and 13).

During problem-solving processes, reflection can take place at different times:

• Before starting solving the problem: After reading the problem, while planning
the solving approach, it is worth reflecting on similar previously solved problems
in order to identify relevant algorithmic approaches, patterns, etc.
• While solving the problem: During the solution development, reflection refers
to inspection, control, and supervision. For example, when a difficulty arises or
when a mistake is identified, it is worth reflecting on their sources. Sch￶n ( 1983 )
calls this process reflection in -action.
• After solving the problem: When the solution is completed, reflection assesses and
examines the process performance. Such reflection enables to draw conclusions
from the problem-solving process, and to learn about the strategic decisions made
during its implementation. Sch￶n ( 1983 ) calls this process reflection on -action.

In what follows we present a list of representative questions that can guide before-
and-after reflective processes; some of them relate to cognitive aspects and other—
to affective aspects. Even though the questions are organized according to the types
of reflection, most of them can serve (with slight changes) in each of the three
reflective stages.

Questions before starting the problem-solving process

• How can I estimate the question difficulty? Is the question difficult/easy? Why
do I think so?
• Do I face any difficulty in understanding any part of the problem? What part is
unclear?
• Did I previously solve similar problems? What are these problems? What are the
similarities?

Questions after completing the problem-solving process

• Is the solution complete?
• Why did I choose this direction to solve the problem? Did I make reasonable
decisions?
• What should I change in future similar situations?