Safety issues relating to nanomaterials for construction applications - Nanotechnology in Eco-efficient Construction - page 145

Table 7.4 Continued

Toxicity type
or paradigm Analyte Probes Readout mode Utility Potential problem

Genotoxicity DNA cleavage Micro-nuclei

assay (HCS),
BrDU
incorporation

High content
screening

Chromosome damage Background signal from NPs

with blue fl uorescence

Infl ammation IL-1, IL-8, TNF- α Antibody based

ELISA or
TR-FRET

Luminescence/
TR-FRET

Expression level of
infl ammatory
markers

Not appropriate for NPs that
interfere with TR-FRET
(e.g., absorb protein) or
luminescence reactions

NF-kB and AP-1
activation

Reporter genes Luminescence Activation of

infl ammatory
pathways

Not appropriate for NPs that
may inhibit enzyme and/or
absorb light

Oxidative
stress

GSH, ROS Absorbance/HCS

using
fl uoresence
probes

Fluorometry/
High content
assay

Free radical
generation,
Glutathione
depletion

Not appropriate for NPs that
may interfere with
fl uorescence output

Fibrogenesis TGF-1b,

Collagen 1&3,
MMPs

Fluorescence
probe coupled
antibody

Fluorometry/
High content
assay

Induction of
fi brogenesis

Not appropriate for NPs that
may interfere with
fl uorescence output