Civil Engineering Reference
In-Depth Information
Raw material
production
(aggregate,
cement, steel)
Transport
Production of
concrete or
concrete
element
Transport
Construction
Operation
(maintenance,
repair,
renovation)
End-of-life
(demolition,
dismantling)
Transport
Reuse and recovery
(recycling of steel
and concrete)
Disposal in
landfill
3.3
Life cycle of a concrete structure.
well as emissions must be estimated for each unit process (Fig. 3.5). now
the question is how to get the necessary data. Energy and material flows data
can be obtained from bills of quantities and usually it is not the problem.
However, the information about the type and amount of pollutants emitted
into the air, water and soil must be measured or calculated. Looking at the
process tree in Fig. 3.3, it is easy to conclude that in the case of a building, for
