Civil Engineering Reference
In-Depth Information
9000
S. & C. America, Africa, Asia, Middle East
Europe & Eurasia
Major Exporters
South Africa
Australia
India
China
Russia
USA
8000
7000
6000
5000
4000
3000
2000
1000
0
1980 1990 2000 2010 2020 2030 2040 2050 2060 2070 2080 2090 2100
Year
2.2
The forecast for world coal production divided into regions, from
1980 up to 2100 (Höok et al., 2008).
priority, as does as a better understanding of their chemical and physical
effects (Damtoft et al. 2008; Gartner 2004; Lothenbach, et al. 2011).
Considering the new trend in allocating environmental impacts for waste
that has reached a consistent market, the production of artificial pozzolans,
such as calcined clays (Fernandez et al. 2011; he et al. 1995) and other new
binders has become even more important (Damtoft et al. 2008; Gartner,
2004; Scrivener and Kirkpatrick 2008; WBCSD 2007). Probably, though, it
will be difficult to provide new supplementary cementitious materials from
waste flows in large quantities.
2.3 Binder efficiency in concrete production
another strategy for reducing Co
2
emissions is to improve the efficiency of
binder use (Damtoft et al. 2008; John 2003; müller and harnisch 2008). This
is already being done by the cement industry to some extent, by replacing
binders with almost inert limestone filler (Lothenbach et al. 2008), with
current european standards allowing above 30%. But it must also be done
during the actual formulation and production of cement products.
2.3.1 Binder use efficiency indicator
Simple and robust performance indicators are needed to allow the evaluation
of use efficiency. Popovics (1990) defined efficiency as the strength developed
