Environmental Engineering Reference
In-Depth Information
TABLE 1.3
Review of Reactive Material Suitable for the Construction of the PRB Wall
PRB Reactive Material
Target Chemical
References
Organic-based materials:
activated carbon, leaf, peat,
sewage sludge, sawdust,
compost, wood chips, chitin,
lignin, and so on
Metals and metalloids
:
arsenic (As), hexavalent
chromium, Cr(VI), cadmium
(Cd), mercury (II), uranium (U)
and molybdenum (Mo)
Aromatic compounds
Blowes et al. (2000),
Guerin et al. (2002),
Han et al. (2000),
Meggyes and Simon
(2000), Meza (2009),
Scherer et al. (2000)
Alkaline-complexing agents:
hydrated lime, ferrous sulfate, etc.
Petroleum hydrocarbons
and metals
Roehl et al. (2005b)
Phosphate minerals:
hydroxyapatite and biogenic
apatite (e.g., fish bone)
Divalent heavy metal ions
Admassu and Breese
(1999), Arey et al.
(1999), Leyva et al.
(2001)
Surfactant-modified zeolites
(SMZs):
Natural zeolites coated with
hexadecyltrimethylammonium,
Clinoptiloite-rich zeolite
BTEX and other gasoline
by-products, perchloroethylene
(PCE), radionuclides, inorganic
oxyanions (sulfate, chromate,
and selenate)
Haggerty and
Bowman (1994), Li
et al. (1998), Xenidis
et al. (2002)
Colloidal:
Iron size (1-3 μm) or nano size
(1-00 nm = 0.001-0.1 μm)
Carbothiolate herbicide,
molinate, dechlorination of
TCE and PCBs
Joo et al. (2004),
Wang and Zhang
(1997)
Metal oxides:
(Iron/calcium oxides, and
fine-grained activated aluminum
oxide, elemental copper (CuO)
Phosphorus attenuation,
removing mercury (Hg
2+
),
chlorinated hydrocarbon, and
some aromatics
Baker et al. (1998),
Huttenloch et al.
(2003), Tratnyek
et al. (2003)
Alkaline materials:
recycled concrete, limestone,
calcite-bearing zeolitic breccia,
blast furnace slag, lime,
organo-clay, and fly ash,
and so on
Leachate from acid sulfate soils
Ake et al. (2001),
Golab et al. (2006),
Waybrant et al.
(1998)
Microorganisms
Chlorinated solvents
USEPA (2000)
Polymers:
polyacryloamidoxime resin
derived from polyacrylonitrile,
which is deposited from solution
onto the surface of quartz sand
to form a thin film coating
Uranium contaminated
groundwater, carbon
tetrachloride, copper (Cu
2+
),
nitrobenzene,
4-nitroacetophenone, and
chromate (
CrO
2−
)
Shimotori et al.
(2004), Stewart et al.
(2006)
The longevity of PRBs denote their ability to sustain their function (hydrau-
lic capture, residence time, and reactivity) in the years and decades following
installation. It is strongly dependent on the groundwater chemistry and flow
rates, and contaminant concentrations at the remediation site. The observed
mineral phases at different PRB sites are controlled by the groundwater con-
stituents that naturally vary depending on the biogeochemical setting of the
site (Roehl et al., 2005a). PRBs require a much better understanding of site
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