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terms of susceptibility to the effects of fungi of the genus Puccinia Pers. in northern
forest-steppe of the Tyumen region [16]. Staring with the appearance of brown rust on
plants at earing, maximum development of the disease is at the phase of milk ripeness.
There was a signifi cant linear decrease in the size and weight of the leaves of plants
infected with brown leaf rust. On average, the maximum reduction of 12 samples were
indicated by bone-dry (up 63%) and crude (43%), the mass of leaves. In general, a
complex of traits (length, width, and leaf area), and the largest inhibition of leaf sur-
face, is characteristic of moist, warm, and favorable for disease development growing
seasons [17]. There was some fi xed dependence between the yield and the degree of
development of the disease. Bond strength varied from a high in 2002 ( r = 0.73) to
average in 2003 ( r = 0.65) and lowest in 2004, 2005, and 2006 ( r = 0.10; r = 0.20; and r
= 0.26, respectively), which we attribute to the peculiarities of hydrothermal regime of
the study periods (average daily air temperature, effective temperature, and rainfall).
7.3.2 EXPERIMENTALMUTAGENESIS
Mutation process in combination with hybridization provides heterogeneity of plant
material and maintains it for a long time. I.I. Shmalgauzen [18] put forward the idea of
“mobilization reserve of genetic variation,” which appears in the extreme environmen-
tal conditions. It is no accident that in the center of contemporary projects are genetic
variation and genetic diversity.
Our researches in experimental mutagenesis study conducted in 1972—initially
in the laboratory breeding of the Research Institute of Agriculture of the Northern
Trans-Urals, and then in the laboratory of biotechnology and microbiology of the Tyu-
men State University. Comparison of long-term data on experimental mutagenesis on
self- and cross-pollinating plants have established general rules in their sensitivity in
the fi rst generation after seed treatment (M 1 ) and mutability, that is, the frequency of
mutations in the second generation (M 2 ) under the infl uence of physical and chemical
factors [19].
We studied the effect of alkylating compounds phosphemid (phosphemidum, syn-
onym phosphazin)—di(ethylene imid)-2-pyrimidylamidophosphoric acid [20]. The
phosphemid is interesting that, on the one hand, it has two groups of well-known
mutagen of ethylene imine and, on the other hand, it has a pyrimidine base [21, 22].
This diffi cult structure is a mutagen, and in can join in DNA during the synthesis of
chromosome due to the pyrimidine base. Phosphemid was synthesized in 2013 by
Prof. Eugeny V. Babaev in Chemical Laboratory in Chemistry faculty of Moscow
State University.
Research was conducted on varieties and hybrids of spring and winter wheat
forms. Cultivars of winter wheat taken from the collection fund: Kroshka (k-63050,
Krasnodar), Bezenchukskaya 1 (k-4278, Samara Region), and Gunistan (k-64283,
Krasnodar). According to the results of years of research (2007-2012), varieties stood
out for a number of valuable traits in breeding and breeders can be offered as a starting
material [23, 24]. There is a need for further work with the material based on the seed,
caused by mutagenic treatment available along with advantages and disadvantages
(poor plasticity and environment, and as a result, unstable yield data).
 
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