Agriculture Reference
In-Depth Information
Some species and forms of the hazelnut could be used for slope fortifi cation and
in the other plantings, because of the hazelnut resistance to unfavorable factors of an
environment [1].
During the long period, hazelnuts were stored up at the wild forests. For the fi rst
time, cultural fi lbert cultivars appeared in Turkey, more than 2 thousand years ago, that
is why the fi lbert culture in this country is well developed. At the beginning of another
century, the fi lbert production in the world market exceeded 800 thousand (metric)
tons. Turkey occupied 70 percent of fi lbert production with the annual manufacture of
450-600 thousand tons of fi lberts. Italy takes the second place steady with the index
100-130 thousand tons; the third place is for the United States—15-40 thousand tons.
The next is Spain—15-25 thousand tons, Azerbaijan, Iran, Greece, and China produce
6-15 thousand tons per year, and France—4-5 thousand tons of fi lbert nuts per year.
Nearly all these countries are absolutely self-suffi cient and able to provide its interior
markets. They sell a lot of fi lbert nuts on the outside markets, but at the same time
Italy buys 30-35, France—nearly 20, and Spain—nearly 1 thousand tons of hazelnut.
Nearly 75 percent of world production of husked nuts is used for chocolate industry
and only 25 percent for the other confectionary goods, pastas, and admixtures to the
grainy and fruit mixtures the so-called “dry breakfasts” [2].
At present, the general area with fi lbert plantings in the economies of all categories
and forms of Ukraine so far does not exceed 0.1 thousand ha. Filbert productivity at
this plantings is on the average 0.18-0.43 t/ha, including the territory of agro-industrial
enterprises—0.01-0.13, and in the personal garden land of the population—1.10-3.15
t/ha. The gross yield of fi lbert nuts does not exceed 20-40 tons a year. Moreover, cer-
tain amount of hazelnuts are gathered, while the offi cial statistics for the gross yield of
hazelnut is not conducted. Observing the state of chocolate and confectionary interior
market, we may confi rm that this number is not enough in order to provide even inside
requirements. In spite of that, the soil and climatic conditions of Ukraine give the op-
portunity to grow 1.0-1.5 t/ha fi lbert nuts with a profi tability of more than 300 percent;
the nuts and nut production are still imported in to Ukraine from the foreign countries
[1, 2]. Nearly 2.8-3.1 thousand tons of fi lbert nuts on the sum US$4.4-5.5 million are
imported into Ukraine every year. The third part of it is purchased in Turkey and the
rest in Azerbaijan, Georgia, and other European countries [2].
Filbert is the collective name of all cultivated
Corylus
species (hazelnut cultivars).
At present, most of the investigators suppose that the largest part of fi lbert heredity
came from the hazelnut
Corylus avellana
, so also for the cultivars that like warm came
from
Corylus pontica
and
Corylus maxima.
C. colurna
was used for creation of tree-
like and sobole-free fi lbert cultivars [1-3].
16.2 MATERIALS AND METHODOLOGY
Specific and variety-form-hybrid composition of the collection of
Corylus
genus at
the National dendrological park “Sofiyivka” of NAS of Ukraine (NDP “Sofiyivka”)
was studied. Most of the species and forms of this collection were gathered during the
numerous expeditions over a period of 80-90 years of the last century, whereas the
maximum filling of this sort of variety was done in the course of the last decade. On
November 7, 2006, from the collection of the Institute of Horticulture of the National
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