Agriculture Reference
In-Depth Information
In 2011, the swelling and germination of seeds of parental and hybrid (F
2
) forms
took place with the lack of moisture in the soil, as the amount of rainfall for May in
relation to the long-term average value was only 84 percent, while the average daily
air temperature was above normal at 1.3°С.
The distribution of initial varieties and hybrids into groups with different indices
of trait revealed that the proportion of samples with high and very high values de-
creased in comparison with 2011. Most samples (53%) belonged to a group of high
fi eld germination of seeds. When compared with the parental and hybrid (F
2
) forms on
this index revealed that 70 percent of the F
2
hybrids were characterized by a high and
10 percent a very high fi eld germination of seeds (Figure 9.2). At initial varieties, the
amount of these groups accounted for 60 percent.
May 2012 was characterized by high air temperature (at 2.4°С above normal) and
a rainfall defi cit (33.9% of normal). Total precipitation for the decades of the month
ranged from 0.3 to 4.0 mm and the number of days with rain was 8. Seed germination
and seedling formation took place with warm weather and low precipitation.
Germination of hybrids (F3) varied from 72.8 to 85.0 percent, and on the basis of
these values was assigned to one group, characterized by high values of the trait. The
initial sign of varying grades are in the range from 62.0 to 82.0 percent. Identifi cation
of two groups of samples, the average (20%) and high (80%) of germination, indi-
cating differences in the fl ow of metabolic processes in the germinating bulked less
pronounced adaptation properties of the germ in the transition from mesotrophic to
autotrophic nutrition (Figure 9.2).
In 2013, the conditions for seed germination and seedling formation can be con-
sidered inadequate by favorable temperature conditions, as the average temperature in
May at 1.6°С was below normal. In the fi rst and second decades of the month marked
negative temperature: up—1.5°С and 1.9°С, respectively. Reduced air temperature
accompanied by fairly frequent precipitation, which together accounted for 140.1 per-
cent last month compared to the average long-term value. In the fi rst decade, the rains
occurred each day (from 0.4 to 14.0 mm) and in the second and third decades the
precipitation days were lower (4 and 3 days, respectively).
Hybrids F4 under the circumstances, in 2013, 10 percent of the forms were char-
acterized by very high fi eld germination of seeds. The remaining 90 percent of hybrids
were assigned to groups with medium and high values of this index (Figure 9.2).
The survival rates of plants during the growing season depend on the genetic char-
acteristics of varieties, and from some combination of environmental factors (soil
moisture, air temperature, damage plants by phytopathogenic fungi, etc.).
The average air temperature during the growing season in 2010 was higher than
the long-term average. Especially, this value exceeded in May (+2.4°C) and August
(+2.9°C). The amount of precipitation in relation to the long-term average in July was
62.6 percent, and in August—77.4 percent. The ontogeny of plants defeat disease, and
pest damage, as refl ected in the indicators of biological stability. In 73 percent of the
studied material are low and the median survival of plants (Figure 9.3).
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