Biology Reference
In-Depth Information
different from circumferential. There is no direct evidence for this yet, but it could resolve the
paradoxical existence of long, stable tubes.
The problem of the stability of tubules emphasizes that much remains to be learned
about how epithelia maintain the shape they have, let alone about the more difficult
problem of how they acquire that shape in the first place. Nevertheless, recent
years have brought a much-improved understanding about the generation and modifica-
tion of epithelial form. The following chapters will focus on the main modes of epithelial
morphogenesis
d
movement of sheets, closure of holes, convergent extension, invagination,
fusion and branching
d
and will describe what is known about how they work.
Reference List
1. Eitel M, Schierwater B. The phylogeography of the Placozoa suggests a taxon-rich phylum in tropical and
subtropical waters. Mol Ecol 2010;
19
:2315
e
27.
2.
Jakob W, Sagasser S, Dellaporta S, Holland P, Kuhn K, Schierwater B. The Trox-2 Hox/ParaHox gene of
Trichoplax (Placozoa) marks an epithelial boundary. Dev Genes Evol 2004;
:170
e
5.
3. Eitel M, Guidi L, Hadrys H, Balsamo M, Schierwater B. New insights into placozoan sexual reproduction and
development. PLoS One 2011;
214
(5):e19639.
4. Barnes RSK. The diversity of living organisms. Blackwell; 1998.
5. Davies JA, Garrod DR. Molecular aspects of the epithelial phenotype. Bioessays 1997;
6
:699
e
704.
6. Alberts B, Bray D, Lewis J, Raff M, Roberts K, Watson JD. Molecular biology of the cell, 3rd ed. Garland; 1994.
7. Babb SG, Barnett J, Doedens AL, Cobb N, Liu Q, Sorkin BC, et al. Zebrafish E-cadherin: expression during early
embryogenesis and regulation during brain development. Dev Dyn 2001;
19
:231
e
7.
221
8.
Schafer S, Stumpp S, Franke WW. Immunological identification and characterization of the desmosomal
cadherin Dsg2 in coupled and uncoupled epithelial cells and in human tissues. Differentiation
1996;
:99
e
108.
60
9.
Jahn L, Fouquet B, Rohe K, Franke WW. Cytokeratins in certain endothelial and smooth muscle cells of two
taxonomically distant vertebrate species, Xenopus laevis and man. Differentiation 1987;
:234
e
54.
10. Howarth AG, Stevenson BR. Molecular environment of ZO-1 in epithelial and non-epithelial cells. Cell Motil
Cytoskeleton 1995;
36
:323
e
32.
11. Botling J, Oberg F, Nilsson K. CD49f (alpha 6 integrin) and CD66a (BGP) are specifically induced by retinoids
during human monocytic differentiation. Leukemia 1995;
31
:2034
e
41.
12. Thomas T, Dziadek M. Genes coding for basement membrane glycoproteins laminin, nidogen, and collagen IV
are differentially expressed in the nervous system and by epithelial, endothelial, and mesenchymal cells of the
mouse embryo. Exp Cell Res 1993;
9
:54
e
67.
13. Matter K, Balda MS. Functional analysis of tight junctions. Methods 2003;
208
:228
e
34.
14. Matter K, Balda MS. Signalling to and from tight junctions. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 2003;
30
:225
e
36.
15. Tepass U. Adherens junctions: new insight into assembly, modulation and function. Bioessays 2002;
4
:690
e
5.
24
16. Nagafuchi A. Molecular architecture of adherens junctions. Curr Opin Cell Biol 2001;
:600
e
3.
17. Perez-Moreno M, Jamora C, Fuchs E. Sticky business: orchestrating cellular signals at adherens junctions. Cell
2003;
13
112
:535
e
48.
18.
:E101
e
8.
19. Garrod DR, Merritt AJ, Nie Z. Desmosomal adhesion: structural basis, molecular mechanism and regulation.
Mol Membr Biol 2002;
Jamora C, Fuchs E. Intercellular adhesion, signalling and the cytoskeleton. Nat Cell Biol 2002;
4
:81
e
94.
20. Nicholson BJ. Gap junctions
e
from cell to molecule. J Cell Sci 2003;
19
116
:4479
e
81.
:3251
e
7.
21. Mercola M. Left-right asymmetry: nodal points. J Cell Sci 2003;
116
22.
Jones
JC, Hopkinson SB, Goldfinger LE. Structure and assembly of hemidesmosomes. Bioessays
:488
e
94.
23. Nievers MG, Schaapveld RQ, Sonnenberg A. Biology and function of hemidesmosomes. Matrix Biol
1999;
1998;
20
:5
e
17.
18
