Environmental Engineering Reference
In-Depth Information
Table 3: Characteristics of storage technologies [4].
Discharge
duration
Response
time
Power rating
Effi ciency
Parasitic losses
Lifetime
Maturity
Pumped hydro
100 - 4000 MW
4 - 12 h
sec - min
0.7 - 0.85
evaporation
30 y
commercial
CAES (in reservoirs)
100 - 300 MW
6 - 20 h
sec - min
0.64
-
30 y
commercial
CAES (in vessels)
50 - 100 MW
1 - 4 h
sec - min
0.57
-
30 y
concept
Flywheels (low speed) <1650 kW
3 - 120 s
<1 cycle
0.9
∼
1%
20 y
commercial products
Flywheels (high speed) <750 kW
<1 h
<1 cycle
0.93
∼
3%
20 y
prototypes in testing
Super-capacitors
<100 kW
<1 m
<1/4 cycle
0.95
-
10,000 cyclessome commercial
products
SMES (Micro)
10 kW - 10 MW
1 s - 1 m
<1/4 cycle
0.95
∼
4%
30 y
commercial
SMES
10 - 10 MW
1 - 30 m
<1/4 cycle
0.95
∼
1%
30 y
design concept
Lead-acid battery
<50 MW
1 m - 8 h
<1/4 cycle
0.85
small
5 - 10 y
commercial
NaS battery
<10 MW
<8 h
n/a
0.75 - 0.86
5kW/kWh
5 y
in development
ZnBr fl ow battery
<1 MW
<4 h
<1/4 cycle
0.75*
small
2,000 cycles in test/commercial
units
V redox fl ow battery
<3 MW
<10 h
n/a
70 - 85*
n/a
10 y
in test
Polysulphide Br fl ow
battery
<15 MW
<20 h
n/a
60 - 75*
n/a
2,000 cycles in test
Hydrogen (Fuel Cell)
<250 kW
as needed
<1/4 cycle
0.34 - 0.40*
n/a
10 - 20 y
in test
Hydrogen (Engine)
<2 MW
as needed
seconds
0.29 - 0.33*
n/a
10 - 20 y
available for
demonstration
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