Environmental Engineering Reference
In-Depth Information
4.4.1.1 Applications of LA battery
FLA batteries have two primary applications [3]:
1.
Starting and ignition, short bursts of strong power e.g. car engine batteries
2.
Deep cycle, low steady power over a long time
VRLA batteries are very popular for backup power, standby power supplies in
telecommunications and also for UPS systems. A number of LA storage facilities
are in operation today as can be seen in Table 1.
4.4.1.2 Cost of LA battery
Costs for LA battery technology have been stated as $200/kW to $300/kW [2], but
also in the region of $580/kW [3]. Looking at Table 1, the cost variation is evident.
4.4.1.3 Disadvantages of LA battery
LA batteries are extremely sensitive to their environments. The typical operating
temperature for a LA battery is roughly 27°C, but a change in temperature of
5°C or more can cut the life of the battery by 50%. However, if the DoD exceeds
this, the cycle life of the battery will also be reduced. Finally, a typical charge-
to-discharge ratio of a LA battery is 5:1. At faster rates of charge, the cell will
be damaged.
Table 1: Largest LA and VRLA batteries installed worldwide [2].
Battery system
alone
Total cost of the
storage system
*
Rated
Energy
(MWh)
Rate
Power
(MW)
Cost in
$1995
($/kWh)
Cost in
$1995
($/kWh)
Cost in
$1995
($/kW)
Cost in
$1995
($/kW)
Year of
installation
Plant
CHINO
California
1988
40
10
201
805
456
1823
HELCO
Hawaii
(VRLA)
1993
15
10
304
456
777
1166
PREPA
Puerto Rico
1994
14
20
341
239
1574
1102
BEWAG
Germany
1986
8.5
8.5
707
707
n/a
n/a
VERNON
California
(VRLA)
1995
4.5
3
305
458
944
1416
*
Includes power conditioning system and balance-of-payment.
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