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s
0
˄
˄
˄
˄
1/2
1/
2
1/2
1/2
s
2
s
1
a
˄
s
3
ˉ
s
4
(a)
(b)
Fig. 4.3 Testing the process Q 1
1
2 h ( ˉ ) .
In fact this equation has a unique solution in [0, 1], namely h ( ˉ ). Therefore,
A
1
2 · V
h ( s 0 )
h ( s 0 )
V
=
+
h ( a.ˉ , Q 1 )
={ h ( ˉ )
}
.
Example 4.3
Consider the process Q 2 depicted in Fig. 4.4 a and the application of
the test T
=
a.ˉ to it; this is outlined in Fig. 4.4 b. In the pLTS of T
| Act Q 2 , for
h ( R k )
1
each k
1 there is a resolution R k such that
V
=
(1
2 k ); intuitively it goes
around the loop ( k
1) times before, at last, taking the right-hand ˄ action. Thus
h ( T , Q 2 ) contains (1
1
A
1. But it also contains h ( ˉ ), because
of the resolution that takes the left-hand ˄ move every time. Therefore,
2 k ) h ( ˉ ) for every k
h ( T , Q 2 )
A
includes the set
1
h (ˉ) , 1
h ( ˉ ), ... , 1
h ( ˉ ), ... h ( ˉ ) .
1
2
1
2 2
1
2 k
h ( T , Q 2 ) is actually the convex closure of this
From later results it will follow that
A
set, namely [ 2 h ( ˉ ), h ( ˉ )].
4.5
Extremal Reward Testing
In the previous section, our approach to testing consisted of two parts:
 
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