Knowledge-Based Policing: Augmenting Reality with Respect for Privacy - Discrimination and Privacy in the Information Society - page 167

suitable basis for developing augmented realities that comply with the guiding ju-
ridical principles of proportionality, subsidiarity, and the linkage between ends
and means.
In the following section we first provide a brief overview of ILP, followed by
an epistemological reorientation of its key-concepts: data, information, knowl-
edge, and intelligence (henceforth: key-concepts). In the section Knowledge-based
policing we explain where current KBP theorizing falls short in uniting old and
new forms of knowledge, followed by an explanation of what we see as needed to
develop successful augmented realities. After creating the foundation for aug-
mented reality we discuss what it takes to create augmenting realities and illustrate
this using a case of the KLPD concerning the fight against drug-trafficking. This
chapter ends with a discussion about, amongst things, privacy, discrimination,
legal consequences, and a conclusion.
9.2 Intelligence-Led Policing
9.2.1 Origin and Epistemological Basis
ILP is a concept that originated in the 90s in England. A description of what
Maguire called 'intelligence-led crime control' became the widely used definition
of ILP ( Lint 2006):
“a strategic, future-oriented and targeted approach to crime control, focusing upon
the identification, analysis and 'management' of persisting and developing 'prob-
lems' or 'risks'” (Maguire 2000:316).
ILP is formally incorporated in the National Intelligence Model (NIM) of
England, the core business model for policing, which is being described as an in-
formation-based deployment system aimed at 'identifying patterns of crime and
enabling a more fundamental approach to problem solving in which resources can
be tasked efficiently' (Centrex 2005:10). The British NIM functions as role-model
for the creation of a NIM in the Netherlands, where ILP took flight in the begin-
ning of this century (Abrio 2005, Hert et al. 2005). As the NIM is being used by
the government (both in England and in the Netherlands) to implement standard
ILP-practices, its influence on policing is substantial.
The resulting ILP-practices, at least in the Netherlands, are highly focused on
the creation of information products (mostly in textual and numerical form) to di-
rect police action. They are either focused on individual cases (reports), or driven
(and limited) by statistics based on recorded data, such as criminal trends, hot
spots, hot-moments, and social network analysis. Although these figures and facts
may be useful to prioritize work (e.g. to select hot-spots that deserve additional at-
tention), and as such may help to reduce crime (cf. Makkai et al. 2004), the infor-
mation products offer little insight in the structure of criminal phenomena, the
functioning of criminal networks, or the distinguishing signals that indicate (red-
handed) criminal activity.