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In-Depth Information
Chapter 9
Knowledge-Based Policing:
Augmenting Reality with Respect for Privacy
Jan-Kees Schakel, Rutger Rienks, and Reinier Ruissen *
Abstract. Contemporary information-led policing (ILP) and its derivative, knowl-
edge-based policing (KBP) fail to deliver value at the edge of action. In this chap-
ter we will argue that by designing augmented realities, information may become
as intertwined with action as it can ever get. To this end, however, the positivist
epistemological foundation of the synthesized world (and ILP and KBP for that
matter) has to be brought into line with the interpretive-constructivist epistemo-
logical perspective of every day policing. Using a real-world example of the
Dutch National Police Services Agency (KLPD) we illustrate how augmented re-
ality may be used to identify and intercept criminals red-handedly. Subsequently
we discuss how we think that the required data processing can be brought into line
with the legislative requirements of subsidiarity, proportionality, and the linkage
between ends and means, followed by a discussion about the consequences for,
among other things, privacy, discrimination, and legislation.
9.1 Introduction
The increasing digitization of services and goods, in combination with the expand-
ing possibilities to interlink and provide them through networks such as the
Internet, affects modern-day society in unprecedented ways (Castells 2000). From
a policing perspective these developments result in new challenges to be met. For
example, compared to criminals the police is slow in adapting to this new digital
(or synthetic, or virtual) environment. An environment, which becomes more and
more integrated with our real environment. At the same time, we observe that con-
temporary information-led policing (ILP), and knowledge-based policing (KBP)
for that matter, is mostly restricted to strategic and tactical information, including
overviews of hot crimes, hot times, hot spots, and hot shots. So far, ILP fails to
deliver operational value in action. Designing augmented realities is one way to
 
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