BIM-Based 4D Modeling and Scheduling - Construction Project Scheduling and Control - page 418

Figure 15.32 Integrated solutions for building a life cycle using BIM
that are previously defined for all resources within the ERP system), and incorporation
of assemblies into the 5D BIM. In other words, activity models created in scheduling
software are linked to BoQ items and assemble catalogs by utilizing iTwo platform,
which allows incorporation of project resources to the project schedule automatically.
Lean Construction
Lean construction is based on the techniques and methodologies offered by the
Toyota Production System, which are mainly about minimization of waste through-
out the processes that exist in a production (Liker, 2004). During the evolution of
lean thinking in the construction industry, some changes and adoptions have been
made; however, the main idea remains the same. In this regard, the lean construction
technique is one of the novel efforts of the industry's practitioners and researchers
that focuses on eliminating waste in projects while maximizing the value of the
projects. Continuous improvement ( kaizen in Japanese), the elimination of waste,
and just-in-time are the major principles of the lean construction technique, which
increases value, minimizes waste, enhances profitability and quality, and ensures client
satisfaction. To clarify the description of “waste” in production process, Taiichi Ohno,
one of the creators of the Toyota Production System (Holweg, 2007), classified
“waste” into seven types (Liker, 2004): waste of overproduction, waste of waiting,
waste of transportation, waste of overprocessing and incorrect process, waste of
inventory, waste of unnecessary movement, and waste of making a defective product.