Platinum - Toxicology of Metals - page 759

TABLE 2 Platinum Concentrations in Blood/Urine in Different Industries

Time of No. and type Result maximum

sampling Exposure group of samples Result, average or range Reference

Catalyst production

30-290 ng/L a

1990-1995 Catalyst workers 5, serum Merget et al ., 2002

1994 Catalyst workers ?, serum 13.6 ng/L (median) <5.0-263 ng/L Merget et al ., 1999

Catalyst workers, high exposure b, d 80 ng/L a <500 ng/L a

1994 10, serum Merget et al ., 2000

Catalyst workers, low exposure b, d 20 ng/L a <500 ng/L a

30, serum

Preparation of solutions for coating 14, blood 70 ± 40 ng/L Petrucci et al ., 2005

8, blood 140 ± 80 ng/L

Coating of supports for catalytic 26, blood 380 ± 310 ng/L

converters

Adsorption on the carrier 14, blood 170 ± 170 ng/L

Sampling 14, blood 140 ± 110 ng/L

Recovery of PGEs from exhausted 8, blood 240 ± 170 ng/L

catalytic converters

Preparation of solutions for 3, blood, B: 110 ng/L, S: Petrucci et al ., 2004

serum 80 ng/L

3, urine 405 ng/L

Coating of supports for catalytic 3, blood, B: 2900 ng/L,

converters serum S: 1550 ng/L,

3, urine 2065 ng/L

Adsorption on the carrier 3, blood, B: 110 ng/L

serum S: 40 ng/L

3, urine 145 ng/L

Recovery of PGEs from 3, blood, B: 210 ng/L,

exhausted catalytic converters serum S: 150 ng/L

3, urine 130 ng/L

Platinum refi nery and catalyst 1-12 ng/g creat Schierl et al .,1998

production b

Current high exposure 15, urine 170-6270 ng/g creat.

Former high exposure 4, urine 10-170 ng/

(2-6 years after exposure) g creat.

Occasionally exposed to low levels 3, urine 16-230 ng/g creat.

Precious metal workers 7, blood 246 ± 91 ng/L 152-423 ng/L Farago et al ., 1998

7, urine 470 ± 355 ng/ 210-1180 ng/

g creat. g creat.

Traffi c workers

Motorway maintenance workers 10, blood

10, urine 145 ± 90 ng/L 126-158 ng/L

58 ± 37 ng/g creat 22-135 ng/g creat

Traffi c police offi cers 94, urine 4.56 ± 2.84 ng/L 0.28-13.67 ng/L Iavicoli et al ., 2004a

Dental workers

Dental health care workers 1, serum 2120 ng/L Iavicoli et al .,2004b

19, serum <5 ng/L

20, urine <10 ng/L

Dental technicians 27, urine ~30 ng/L max 170 ng/L Begerow et al ., 1999

Hospital workers

Nursing stuff, pharmacists 6, blood 470 ± 310 ng/L Nygren and

graduate nurses staff nurses 13, blood 2200 ± 1700 ng/L Lundgren, 1997

12, blood 3800 ± 4000 ng/L max 13300 ng/L

31, urine 126 ± 92 ng/L

Nurses 3, urine 920-1300 ng/L Turci et al ., 2002

Nurses and pharmacists 10, urine 10220 ± 7220 ng/L 600-23100 ng/L Venitt et al ., 1984

Nurses 39, blood <5 ng/L Pilger et al ., 2000

Hospital personal 14, urine 12.6 ± 10.8 ng/L Ensslin et al ., 1994

39, urine (16.6 ± 15.5 ng/

g creat.) <1.8 ng/L

Nurses 13, urine 4.36 ± 5.61 ng/g creat Ensslin et al ., 1997

a Median and max values taken from a logarithmic diagram.
b See table 1.