Arsenic - Toxicology of Metals - page 388

system. No negative reproductive and developmental
outcomes in rodents exposed to arsine (Morrissey et al .,
1990).
Studies conducted in cell culture systems exposed
to arsine in vitro (Ayala-Fierro and Carter, 2000; Carter
et al ., 2003; Hatelid and Carter, 1997; Hatelid et al ., 1996;
Rael et al ., 2000; Winski et al ., 1997) have shown meth-
emoglobin formation and ultrastructural effects on
erythrocyte membrane structure with concomitant loss
of ion regulation capabilities with attendant red cell
lysis. Based on these in vivo and in vitro experimental
studies, arsine is clearly a highly toxic chemical agent
that exerts toxicity on a number of organ systems. Tar-
get cells in the hematopoietic, liver, kidney, and the
immune systems are clearly sensitive to arsine toxicity
after either short-term or more chronic exposures. The
mechanisms by which this agent produces hemolysis
seem to require oxygen and the internalization of ars-
ine into the red cells with subsequent oxidation and
inhibition of membrane ion regulatory mechanisms.
Pharmacological factors such as dose and duration of
exposure, as well as susceptibility factors such as age
and nutritional status of those exposed, will also have
an impact on prognosis.

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