Chemistry Reference
In-Depth Information
TABLE 2
Occupational Exposure Limits for Aluminum in Some Countries Expressed as
Time-Weighted Averages (TWA, mg/m
3
)
Form of aluminum
Country or organization
TWA
Source
Metal dust
ACGIH
10
ACGIH (2005)
NIOSH
10
NIOSH (2005)
Sweden
5
Swedish Work Environment Authority (2005)
Respirable metal dust
Germany
1.5
Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (2006)
NIOSH
5
NIOSH (2005)
Sweden
2
Swedish Work Environment Authority (2005)
Pyro powder as Al
ACGIH
5
ACGIH (2005)
NIOSH
5
NIOSH (2005)
Welding fume as Al
Germany
1.5
Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (2006)
Soluble salts
ACGIH
2
ACGIH (2005)
NIOSH
2
NIOSH (2005)
Sweden
1
Swedish Work Environment Authority (2005)
of postshift urine (Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft,
2006).
Physicians determine dialysate aluminum levels
twice a year. It has been recommended that dialysate
aluminum be <10
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µ
g/L (AAMI, 2001) and stated that it
must be <5
µ
g/L but should be <2
µ
g/L. Serum alumi-
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g/L (Rob
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Aluminum compounds are the only adjuvants
used in the manufacture of currently licensed vaccines
in the United States. Chapter 21 of the US Code of
Federal Regulations governs the amount of aluminum
permitted in the recommended single human dose
of a product. The amount of aluminum is limited to
0.85 mg/dose if the level is assayed or 1.14 mg if deter-
mined by calculation on the basis of the amount of alu-
minum compound added (Baylor
et al
., 2002).
The daily intravenous intake of more than 4-5
µ
g
aluminum/kg from total parenteral nutrition solutions
can produce aluminum accumulation and central nerv-
ous system and bone toxicity. To avoid this problem,
the US FDA established a labeling requirement that
large and small volume additives used in parenteral
nutrition must state the maximum aluminum concen-
tration (US FDA, 2002; Canada, 2005).
µ
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