Designing or Redesigning Your Orchard - Growing Organic Orchard Fruits - page 79

ABOVE: For freestanding trees, particularly medium-sized to large trees,
offsetting them in adjacent rows to form a triangular pattern maximizes
the space for each tree. Given adequate spacing, offset plantings can be
mown or cultivated along the alleys and on diagonals.
In laying out planting rows with freestanding trees, try to offset the trees
in adjacent rows, forming a triangular pattern that maximizes the distance
between trees. Figure 3.7 shows an offset or staggered planting.
While some of the spacings in the tables may seem too large, especially
when trees are young and small, they are based on vast experience by
growers around the world. Crowding does not increase long-term yields and
greatly complicates orchard management.
As orchard size and mechanization increase, you will find straight rows
desirable, although curved rows are often necessary due to curving property
lines or slopes. Where planting rows must be laid out in curves, keep the
curves gentle and uniform to allow easy access with orchard equipment, and
easy installation and maintenance of trellises.
Irrigation Systems
Many orchard irrigation systems exist, from flooding to overhead sprinklers
to high-efficiency drip systems. Which you choose will be influenced by the
availability and cost of water, the cost of electricity for pumps and controller
systems, the complexity and cost of the irrigation system (including install-
ation, operation, and maintenance), and your personal preferences. A good
irrigation system will do the following:
▪ Provide adequate water for the fruit crops when they need it
▪ Provide adequate water for alley and in-row cover crops
▪ Provide adequate water for frost control, if needed
▪ Keep foliage and fruit as dry as possible