Civil Engineering Reference
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sin 2 πma
D sin 2 πna
k 0 a
2
sin θ
D
2 D 2
φ(L)a 2
+
Z m,n (B)
π 4 m 2 n
2
k 0 D sin θ
2 π
m
=
1
n
=
0 ,
±
1 ,
±
2 ...
(9.85)
The added external length ε e can be evaluated in the same way as for circular apertures.
The dependence on the incidence angle of ε e can be neglected and Equation (9.31) can
be used at oblique incidence. The impedance Z in the free air close to the facing is
given by
1
s [ Z(B ) + jωρ 0 e + d) ]
Z =
(9.86)
References
Bolt, R.H. (1947) On the design of perforated facings for acoustic materials. J. Acoust. Soc. Amer .,
19 , 917 - 21.
Brillouin, J. (1949) Theorie de l'absorption du son par les structures a panneaux perfores. Cahiers
du Centre Scientifique et Technique du B atiment , 31 , 1 - 15.
Byrne, K.P. (1980) Calculation of the specific normal impedance of perforated facing - porous
backing constructions. Applied Acoustics , 13 , 43 - 55.
Callaway, D.B. and Ramer, L.G. (1952) The use of perforated facings in designing low frequency
resonant absorbers. J. Acoust. Soc. Amer ., 24 , 309 - 12.
Collin, B. (1960) Field Theory of Guided Waves , McGraw-Hill, New York
Davern, W.A. (1977) Perforated facings backed with porous materials as sound absorbers-An
experimental study. Applied Acoustics , 10 , 85 - 112.
Guignouard, P., Meisser, M., Allard, J.F., Rebillard, P. and Depollier, C. (1991) Prediction and
measurement of the acoustical impedance and absorption coefficient at oblique incidence of
porous layers with perforated facings. Noise Control Eng. J ., 36 , 129 - 35.
Ingard, U. (1953) On the theory and design of acoustic resonators. J. Acoust. Soc. Amer ., 25 ,
1037 - 61.
Ingard, U. (1954) Perforated facing and sound absorption. J. Acoust. Soc. Amer ., 26 , 151 - 4.
Ingard, U. (1968) Absorption characteristics of non linear acoustic resonators. J. Acoust. Soc.
Amer ., 44 , 1155 - 6.
Ingard, U. (1970) Non linear distorsion of sound transmitted through an orifice. J. Acoust. Soc.
Amer ., 48 , 32-3.
Ingard, U. and Bolt, R.H. (1951) Absorption characteristics of acoustic material with perforated
facing. J. Acoust. Soc. Amer ., 23 , 533 - 40.
Ingard, U. and Ising, H. (1967) Acoustic nonlinearity of an orifice. J. Acoust. Soc. Amer ., 42 ,
6 - 17.
Ingard, U. and Labate, S. (1950) Acoustic circulation effects and the non linear impedance of
orifices. J. Acoust. Soc. Amer ., 22 , 211 - 18.
Nielsen, A.K. (1949) Trans Danish Acad. Tech. Sci. No. 10 .
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