Gamification of Workplace Activities - Smart Information Systems: Computational Intelligence for Real-Life Applications - page 240

Table 9.1 Levels of game design elements by Deterding et al. [ 6 ]
Level

Description Example

Game interface design
patterns

Common, successful interaction design
components and design solutions for a
known problem in a context, including
prototypical implementations

Badge, leaderboard, level

Game design patterns
and mechanics

Commonly reoccurring parts of the
design of a game that concern gameplay

Time constraint, limited
resources, turns

Game design principles
and heuristics

Evaluative guidelines to approach a
design problem or analyze a given design
solution

Enduring play, clear goals,
variety of game styles

Game models Conceptual models of the components of

games or game experience

MDA; challenge, fantasy,
curiosity; game design
atoms; CEGE

Game design methods Game design-specific practices and
processes

Playtesting, playcentric
design, value conscious
game design

9.2.3 User Types

Designing gamification is also always a user-oriented process. This is due to the
fact that users are all individuals driven by different input factors like age, gender,
education, social skills, and cross-cultural influences [ 11 , 17 , 35 - 37 ]. In the game
world this is considered by several player typologies developed on user observations
and in-game behavior. Hamari et al. [ 14 ] list existing game player typologies. They
state that player types have their legitimation because of the different behavior and
motivation of players. It is a widespread assumption that also for the gamification
scenario such types of players, respectively, users can be applied. Although many
player typologies exist we argue that it is hard to map them to one or more spe-
cific game design elements. Beyond that, such types could change over time which
seems to be a central criticism on player typologies [ 14 ]. Furthermore, we argue that
applying a set of game design elements to cover all different types in a gamification
scenario could have negative influence on each other.

9.2.4 Gamification in the Workplace

Various studies have been performed that indicate that gamification has a favor-
able effect on the use of enterprise systems. In [ 24 ], Dugan et al. describe the
transformation of an enterprise bookmarking system into a guessing game called
Dogear. In this game, bookmarks and their tags are displayed on screen and the play-
ers have to guess, who created this bookmark. If they guess the correct creator of the
bookmark, the players can gain points. The Dogear game is inspired by von Ahn's
ESP game [ 34 ] where users gain points when they use the same tags to describe