Main human uses of ocean areas and resources, impacts, and multiple scales of governance - Ocean Sustainability in the 21st Century - page 33

fishing fleets have shifted to fishing further offshore and in deeper waters to meet global
demand (Morato et al ., 2006 ; Cochonat et al ., 2007 ).
Marine and inland fisheries and aquaculture together supplied the world with about
148 million tonnes of fish in 2010, with a landed value of $217.5 billion (FAO, 2012 ; Su-
maila et al ., 2012 ) . Using the average global multiplier for the fishing sector of 3, provided
in Dyck and Sumaila ( 2010 ) , these sectors created economic impacts of nearly $660 billion
that year.
Overall, fish provided more than 2.9 billion people with at least 15% of their average
per capita animal protein intake. Thus fish stocks are among the planet's most important
renewable resources and have been supporting humanity for millennia. Fish support human
well-being through employment in fishing, processing, and retail services (Pontecorvo et
al ., 1980 ; FAO, 2010 ; Dyck and Sumaila, 2010 ; Teh and Sumaila, 2013 ) , as well as provid-
ing food security for people, particularly in developing countries (Zeller et al ., 2006 ) .
Shipping is another major use of the oceans, and is the principal means of trans-
portation for goods around the world, thus making it central to world trade and economy.
According to the UNCTAD Review of Maritime Transport (UNCTAD, 2010 ) , more than
90% of international trade in goods is carried by sea, and an even higher percentage of
developing-country trade is carried in ships. While prospects for shipping remain uncer-
tain, and are tied to the world economy as a whole, there is likely to be a recovery in
the shipping sector following the 2009 recession. In 2009, total goods loaded amounted
to 7.8 billion tons, down from 8.2 tons recorded in 2008 (UNCTAD, 2010 ) . According
to the World Shipping Council ( www.worldshipping.org/about-the-industry/global-trade ) ,
liner ships, which include container ships, transported about US$4 trillion worth of goods
annually during 2009-2010, representing almost 60% of all seaborne trade. Ship-based
tourismalsocontinuestoexpand,andcruiseshipsgeneratedanestimated$18billionayear
in passenger expenditure in 2010 (Brida and Zapata, 2010 ) .
The bottom of the ocean hosts an extensive network of undersea communication
cables. Since its establishment in the telegraph era, the network has expanded around the
globe, and is now an integral part of modern society (Carter et al ., 2009 ) . It is estimated