Geoscience Reference
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survival and livelihood issues identified by the challenges. These include biodiversity loss,
threats to habitats and ecosystems, food security, water and energy sustainability, as well as
distribution, equity, and space concerns. Practical procedures have been developed through
lessons learnt in areas under national jurisdiction (cf. Chapters 2 , 6 , 8 , and 9 ) . However, in
order to achieve sufficient consensus for governments to take action, education is needed.
Several education, training, and skills development initiatives have been undertaken over
the last 50 years through intergovernmental and non-governmental organizations at global
and regional level (see e.g. Terashima, 2004 ; Kullenberg, 2004 ; Karlin et al ., 2010 ) . Essen-
tial lessons learnt are the need for persistence in the efforts and the availability of a com-
mon framework for these activities in the Law of the Sea Convention (Kullenberg et al .,
2012 ) .
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