Environmental Engineering Reference
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Fig. 10 Variation in heating
value with increase in
torrefaction temperatures for
two different kinetics. (i)
Kinetics obtained from Wang
et al. (
2012b
) and (ii) kinetics
from Table
4
Wang et al, 2012 [9]: 30 minutes
Present kinetics: 30 minutes
Wang et al, 2012 [9]: 60 minutes
Present kinetics: 60 minutes
1.3
1.25
1.2
1.15
1.1
1.05
1
200
220
240
260
280
300
Temperature (
o
C)
variation in heating value ratios obtained for two different residence times. Kinetics
obtained from Wang et al. (
2012b
) resulted in higher losses in Lignin which
decreased the heating value of the torre
ed samples.
3.3 RQ Factor for Fuels
3.3.1 CO
2
Emissions
Boie equation can be used to derive an expression to estimate the CO
2
emitted in
tons per GJ of energy input from the fuel chemical composition as given in the
Eq. (
16
).
1
44
1
;
000
n
422
;
270
C
422
;
270
C
o
ð
CO
2
in tons/GJ
¼
16
Þ
117
;
385
177
;
440
422
;
270
1
þ
The CO
2
in tons per GJ of energy input
is given according to Eq. (
17a
)
(Thanapal
2014
).
kg O
2
HHV
O
2
in GJ
kmol O
2
32 kg
01 kg
kmol CO
2
44
:
CO
2
in tons per GJ energy input
¼
RQ
0
:
001 tons
kg
ð
17a
Þ
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