Environmental Engineering Reference
In-Depth Information
Table 2 Test conditions
Fuel
type
ow rate (m
3
/s)
ow rate (m
3
/s)
Equivalence
ratio (
(A/F)
stoic by mass
Fuel
fl
Air
fl
)
Φ
3.67
×
10
−
8
17.4
×
10
−
5
Jet A
2
14.38
10
−
5
3
11.6
×
10
−
5
7
4.98
×
16.4
×
10
−
5
P100
2
12.37
10
−
5
3
10.9
×
10
−
5
7
4.67
×
4.2 Instrumentation
4.2.1 Flame Visualization
The images were obtained at similar lighting and exposure conditions with a dark
background at different shutter speeds such as 1/50 s, 1/25 s, and 1 s for all the
conditions tested. Images captured at one-second exposure were used for
fl
ame
length measurement. The
flame length was calculated by measuring the number of
pixels between the burnet exit and the farthest visible point of the luminous
fl
ame,
and the number of pixels was converted into equivalent length scale using a known
reference. Three images per condition were captured and the resultant
fl
fl
flame lengths
were averaged.
4.2.2 Global Emission Indices
A Pyrex funnel with a height of 27 cm, bottom diameter of 16 cm, and top diameter
of 4 cm was mounted above the
flue gases were collected and
guided to an uncooled quartz probe with a 1-mm-inner-diameter ori
fl
ame, where the
fl
ce that rapidly
expanded to 4 mm (inner diameter). These gas samples were passed through a water
condenser immersed in an ice bath in order to report all the emission results on a
dry basis and to remove any moisture and subsequently were directed through a
filter to trap particulate matter. Measurements of the volumetric concentration
of CO, CO
2
, and NO
x
in the exhaust were carried out using a portable gas analyzer.
The analyzer consisted of a built-in infrared detector for CO
2
concentration mea-
surement and electrochemical sensors for the measurement of O
2
, CO, and NO
x
concentrations.
The measurements were converted into emission indices on a mass basis (g of
species/kg of fuel). The emission index for a species is the ratio of the mass of
species to the mass of fuel burned by the combustion process. The emission index is
ber
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