Environmental Engineering Reference
In-Depth Information
clean noise. The challenge here is, is it possible to develop less toxic biojet fuels
compared to conventional fossil fuels, thereby reducing toxic emissions and
reducing hearing impairment? If so, it will of great bene
it to commercial and
military aviation.
3.2.5 Economic Challenges
Ultimately, the land or marine biofuel must be available at competitive price (the
drop in alternate fuels as envisioned by CAAFI) resulting in reduced cost/passenger
mile (km) for commercial aviation, miles (km)/gallon (l) for transport, and speci
c
thrust/gallon (l) for military aircrafts. Development of these fuels requires large
investments, and the challenge is to get together governments and industries (both
manufacturer and user),
c
information over a long period of time. The Republic Acts, such as the Biofuel Act
of 2006 and the Renewable Energy Act of 2008 executed in the Philippines, and
consortia such as CAAFI, are vital for developing, coordinating, and sharing
international collaboration, and exchange of scienti
findings and promoting progress. Keeping up the momentum toward commercial
production of a less toxic and sustainable biofuel is a challenge not only to the
investors, but also to those who execute such programs. Continued basic research in
genetically altering the algae growth and plant oil content, finding new tailor-made
catalysts, bacteria interaction with cellulosic materials, biofuel combustion gas
interaction with engine components, etc. will aid in reducing the development time
and cost of these fuels by eliminating the unwarranted candidate fuels.
4 Combustion Challenges
Though modern power plant turbines, automobile engines, and aircraft gas turbines
are designed to operate at today
ciencies, any
small further increase will result in billions of dollars of energy savings. Increasing
the pressure ratios and peak combustion temperatures can result in improved per-
formance, there are associated materials challenges. Controlling and enhancing the
combustion process by various means offer the potential to improve performance.
'
s maximum energy conversion ef
4.1 Flameless Combustion
A recent development in the combustion process with the goal of increasing the
energy release as well as reducing the heat losses is colorless distributed combustion
or
fl
flameless combustion (Gupta 2003 ). This has been shown to produce a
fl
at hat
temperature pro
le, reduce NO X formation, and improve combustion stability and
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