Fluidized Bed Combustion of Coal, Renewable Fuels, and Waste: Current Status and Developments - Novel Combustion Concepts for Sustainable Energy Development - page 226

Fluidized Bed Combustion of Coal,
Renewable Fuels, and Waste: Current
Status and Developments

Franz Winter

Abstract Coal is a very important fuel because of its high calori c value of up to

about 33 MJ/kg and its worldwide distribution (refer also to Lackner et al. 2013 ).
Coal is available on the international market and can be obtained from many mines
of the world. However, coal is a fossil fuel, rich in carbon and produces CO 2 ,a
major greenhouse gas. Beside its carbon content, nitrogen and sulfur may be present
in the coal as well at signi cant levels. The nitrogen in the fuel may be converted

via complex reaction routes to NO x which contributes to acid rain formation and
shows direct negative effects to human health. The sulfur in the coal is oxidized to
SO 2 which subsequently contributes to acid rain formation and direct adverse
effects of the human health. Beside high-quality coals which are low in ash, also
coals with high amounts of ash and moisture exist. These coals are signi cantly

lower in their energy contents and usually used locally because of their availability
and lower costs.

Keywords Fluidized bed technology Supercritical and ultra-supercritical steam

Biomass Municipal solid waste Steam gasi cation CO 2 -rich fl ue gas

1 Introduction

Coal is a very important fuel because of its high calori c value of up to about

33 MJ/kg and its worldwide distribution (refer also to Lackner et al. 2013 ). Coal is
available on the international market and can be obtained from many mines of the
world. However, coal is a fossil fuel, rich in carbon and produces CO 2 , a major
greenhouse gas. Beside its carbon content, nitrogen and sulfur may be present in the
coal as well at signi cant levels. The nitrogen in the fuel may be converted via

complex reaction routes to NO x which contributes to acid rain formation and shows