Technical Challenges and Scientific Approach for a Sustainable Energy Efficient Future - Novel Combustion Concepts for Sustainable Energy Development - page 8

compliance. The challenge on the one hand is to make sure that the demand for the
right type of fuels is met and on the other hand that the energy conversion process
meets new standards. The technical challenges comprise of the production of the
energy source (fuels), the energy conversion device (engines and turbines), and the
energy conversion process (combustion/detonation) and vary with the energy
application.

1.1 Energy Conversion Demands

Various criteria are to be met depending on the application such as stationary or
mobile, on site, or remote site energy conversion.

1.1.1 Stationary Power

For stationary power conversion ef ciency, maintenance, manpower, and envi-

ronmental compliance are key factors. The goal is to have the lowest cost per kW of
electricity. The energy conversion process should use ef cient thermodynamic

cycles, efficient components, and reliable control.

1.1.2 Road Transport

Cost of fuel, conversion ef ciency, emission standards are key factors; and the aim

is to get the best miles/gallon or km/liter from the fuels used. Emission regulations
vary from country to country (and even state to state) requiring operational fl flexi-

bility in order to be cost-effective.

1.1.3 Civil Aviation

Cost per passenger mile or km is the criterion. Lower cost of fuel, ef cient engines,

lower maintenance cost of aircrafts and infrastructure are the key factors including
salaries of personnel (ground staff and

fl flight crew), environmental compliance, and

airport taxes.

1.1.4 Military Aviation

Thrust per unit of fuel is the major criterion. Increased energy content and density of
the fuel and flexibility, wide operational envelope are key factors. Cost is an

important issue now. The contradictory requirements pose additional

fl

technical

challenges.