Emissions from Consumer Products Containing Engineered Nanomaterials over Their Lifecycle - Safety of Nanomaterials along Their Lifecycle - page 333

15 Emissions from

Consumer Products
Containing Engineered
Nanomaterials over
Their Lifecycle

Bernd Nowack

CONTENTS
15.1 Introduction .................................................................................................. 335
15.2 Analysis of Emission .................................................................................... 336
15.2.1 Type of Release Studies .................................................................... 336
15.2.2 Analytical Issues ............................................................................... 338
15.3 Release Studies ............................................................................................. 338
15.3.1 Textiles .............................................................................................. 338
15.3.2 Paints ................................................................................................ 342
15.3.3 Coatings ............................................................................................ 345
15.3.4 Food Containers ................................................................................ 345
15.3.5 Sprays ................................................................................................ 346
15.3.6 Sunscreens ........................................................................................ 347
15.4 Modeling Release and Environmental Fate .................................................. 349
15.5 Conclusions ................................................................................................... 350
References .............................................................................................................. 351

15.1 INTRODUCTION
In the last years we have obtained a lot of knowledge about the behavior and effects
of engineered nanomaterials (ENM) in the environment. Many studies have inves-
tigated processes such as agglomeration, sedimentation, dissolution, removal dur-
ing wastewater treatment, or transformation reactions (Nowack and Bucheli 2007;
Wiesner et al. 2009; Farre et al. 2011; Kaegi et al. 2011; Peralta-Videa et al. 2011;
Klaine et al. 2012; Lombi et al. 2012; Lowry et al. 2012). Also the possible effects of
ENM on environmental organisms have received a lot of attention and a vast body
of research has been performed so far (Baun et al. 2008; Handy et al. 2008; Klaine
et al. 2008; Scown et al. 2010; Menard et al. 2011).

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