Biomedical Engineering Reference
In-Depth Information
TABLE 13.2 (
continued
)
Publications on Relatively Low Energy Handling and Transfer of (Source Domain 2)
Reference
Nanomaterials
Metric
Information
Conclusion
Zimmermann et al.
(2012)
For example,
Si, Pt, Co, Cu,
Zn, Ti
PNC, PSD
Fifteen workplaces with
different reactor cleanout
methods, different materials
were investigated by stationary
measurements
Variation is found in the cleanout method and exposure ranges from
10 #/cm
3
to 10
6
#/cm
3
, wet cleaning lowers exposure compared to
dry clean-out, whereas most aggressive cleanout methods, that is,
the use of a heat gun showed the highest emission. Other
parameters that affect the emission of particles are the chemical
element involved, the amount of matter used, and the periodicity of
the maintenance and cleanout
Ham et al. (2012)
TiO
2
, Ag, Al,
Cu
PSD, PNC, SA
(10-1,000 nm),
M
Two workplaces are measured,
manufacturing different
nanoparticles, semi-closed
processes, stationary
measurements
Cleaning loor next to reactor resulted in PNC of 45,000 #/cm
3
, with
a size mode of 33.4 nm
Tsai (2013)
Al
PSD, PNC
Manual handling of NPs
(transferring, pouring),
variation in evaluated hoods,
face velocity, and sash
Average number concentration in breathing zone, outside enclosure
was 1,400 #/cm³, estimated mass concentration 83 µg/m³
Koivisto et al.
(2012a)
TiO
2
PNC, PSD (5.5
nm-30 µm)
Four packaging areas, around
100 kg/h
Workers' average exposure varied from 225-700 µg/m
3
, and from
1.15 × 10
4
to 20.1 × 10
4
#/cm³. Over 90% of the particles were
smaller than 100 nm. These were mainly soot and particles
formed from process chemicals. Mass concentration originated
primarily from the packing of p TiO
2
(pigment grade) and n TiO
2
(nano grade) agglomerates. The n TiO
2
exposure resulted in a
calculated dose rate of 3.6 × 10
6
# min
−1
and 32 μg min
−1
where
70% of the particles and 85% of the mass was deposited in head
airways
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