Field and Laboratory Measurements Related to Occupational and Consumer Exposures - Safety of Nanomaterials along Their Lifecycle - page 275

13 Field and Laboratory

Measurements Related
to Occupational and
Consumer Exposures

Derk Brouwer, Eelco Kuijpers, Cindy Bekker,
Christof Asbach, and Thomas A.J. Kuhlbusch

CONTENTS
13.1 Introduction .................................................................................................. 277
13.2 Measurement Devices ................................................................................... 279
13.3 Real and Simulated Workplace or Release Studies ...................................... 281
13.3.1 Source Domain 1: Synthesis of Nanoparticles ................................. 283
13.3.2 Source Domain 2: Handling of Powders, Low Energy .................... 288
13.3.3 Source Domain 3: Handling of Nanomaterials, High Energy .......... 288
13.3.4 Source Domain 4: Nanoparticle-Enabled End Products .................. 298
13.4 Discussion and Conclusion ........................................................................... 299
References .............................................................................................................. 309

13.1 INTRODUCTION
As part of the nano-safety research, exposure assessment has evolved over the
last couple of years from explorative research toward more comprehensive expo-
sure assessment to provide data for an appropriate risk assessment. Several review
papers, for example, Kuhlbusch et al. (2011) and Clark et al. (2012), concluded that
there is an urgent need for a systematic approach to harmonize and standardize both,
workplace exposure assessment and test procedures simulating release during work-
place activities and processes. More specifically, agreement on harmonization of
measurement metric, strategy, data processing, including statistical analysis, and
reporting were indicated as key issues to enable future data pooling and building
REACH-compliance Exposure Scenarios. Experts in the area of exposure assess-
ment anticipated this challenge and established an informal group focusing on
Global Harmonization of Measurement Strategies for Exposure to Manufactured
Nano-Objects. A first report listed recommendations with respect to all aspects of
exposure assessment (Brouwer et al. 2012) and formed the basis for ongoing activities
to establish a nano exposure database. This database Nano Exposure and Contextual

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