Release from Composites by Mechanical and Thermal Treatment - Safety of Nanomaterials along Their Lifecycle - page 245

12

Release from Composites
by Mechanical and
Thermal Treatment
Test Methods

Thomas A.J. Kuhlbusch and Heinz Kaminski

CONTENTS
12.1 Introduction .................................................................................................. 247
12.1.1 Motivation ......................................................................................... 247
12.1.2 Introduction to Release Testing ........................................................ 248
12.2 Release Due to Mechanical Processes .......................................................... 250
12.2.1 Stirring and Sonication ..................................................................... 251
12.2.2 Sanding ............................................................................................. 251
12.2.3 Abrasion ............................................................................................ 257
12.2.4 Scratching ......................................................................................... 260
12.2.5 Shredding and Milling (Grinding) ................................................... 261
12.2.6 Drilling ............................................................................................. 262
12.2.7 Cutting and Sawing .......................................................................... 265
12.2.8 Mechanical Shock ............................................................................. 267
12.3 Release from Thermal Processes .................................................................. 268
12.3.1 Thermal Degradation ........................................................................ 268
12.3.2 Combustion ....................................................................................... 269
12.3.3 Incineration ....................................................................................... 270
12.4 Conclusions and Recommendations ............................................................. 272
References .............................................................................................................. 274

12.1 INTRODUCTION

12.1.1 m otivation
Nanotechnologies are increasingly being used in industries and by consumers.
Currently, there are no major concerns linked to them in regards to their impact
on health and the environment. This may change in the next few years if health or
environmentally relevant harmful nano-objects become associated with nanotech-
nologies. One of the possible risks is the release of nano-objects, for example, during

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