Carbon–Heteroatom Bond Forming Reactions and Heterocycle Synthesis under Ball Milling - Ball Milling Towards Green Synthesis: Applications, Projects, Challenges - page 1

CHAPTER 1
Carbon-Heteroatom Bond
Forming Reactions and
Heterocycle Synthesis under
Ball Milling
BRINDABAN C. RANU,* TANMAY CHATTERJEE AND
NIRMALYA MUKHERJEE
Department of Organic Chemistry, Indian Association for the Cultivation
of Science, Jadavpur, Kolkata 700032, India
*Email: [e-mail]; [e-mail]
1.1 Introduction
Chemical transformations involving mechanochemical (grinding) reactions
using a mortar and pestle were initiated long ago during the early stage of
evolution of chemistry. But due to variable and relatively low grinding
strength and speed, limited chemical reactions were successfully carried out
by grinding. To overcome this limitation, a mixer/shaker mill or a planetary
mill 1 has been developed and these devices provide much higher energy and
are more reliable than hand grinding. Mixing in such a mill is generally
referred to as ''milling''. Mechanical grinding in these mills is aided by the
milling balls and hence it is called ball milling. Mechanochemistry using
ball milling has received intense attention in organic synthesis in recent
decades and is now a fast growing branch. Mechanochemical reactions in a
ball mill depend on several parameters like milling frequency, milling time,