Agriculture Reference
In-Depth Information
Table 3.5.
Main
factors affecting the production efficiency and nutrient excretion in monogastric animals.
Nitrogen
excretion
Phosphorus
excretion
Approach
Productivity
Dietary means
Protein balanced diets
Higher
High
Balanced dietary amino
acid supply
↔
↓
Substitution of protein by
industrial amino acids
↔
↓
Increasing digestibility of
protein and amino acids
↔
↓
Increased phosphorus
digestibility
↔
↓
Replacement of feed
phosphates by phytase
↔
↓
Feeding
strategy
According to physiological
requirement
↔
↓
↓
Use of phase feeding
↔
↓
↓
Optimization of feeding
systems to avoid waste
↔
↓
↓
Use of liquid feeding
↔
↔
(
↓
)
↓
Breeding
Selection programmes
↑
(kg gain per kg feed;
litter size)
↓
↓
Management
Compilation of above
mentioned methods
High productivity, welfare
and product quality
↓
↓
on feedstuffs (cereals and vegetable protein
sources) that may be used directly for human
consumption. However, the demand for meat
is predicted to increase in the future, which
may put pressure on an increased use of by-
products, not only in the feeding of ruminants
but also the feeding of monogastric animals.
Improvements in production efficiency have
so far reduced the environmental footprints
per kg of product in monogastric animals, and
further improvements in production efficiency
caused by genetic selection or by improve-
ments in feeding management are expected to
reduce the environmental impacts further. In
future, these improvements in production effi-
ciency will be balanced to comprise not only
costs and environmental factors but also
include health and welfare aspects in the pri-
mary production and socio-economic consider-
ations in humans.
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